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Grade 12 IEB Life science/biology strand 3: (3.3) Genetics and genetic engineering summary $4.43
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Grade 12 IEB Life science/biology strand 3: (3.3) Genetics and genetic engineering summary

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  • Course
  • Life Sciences
  • Institution
  • 12th Grade

This aesthetic, in-depth, neatly typed document summarises 3.3 of strand 3 of the IEB grade 12 mind action series textbook: Genetics and genetic engineering. It includes the full 3.3 Genetic engineering syllabus as well as additional class notes, own research notes and all relevant diagrams.

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Document information

  • January 4, 2023
  • 17
  • 2022/2023
  • Summary

Subjects

  • ieb
  • matric
  • grade 12
  • mind action series
  • life science
  • biology
  • strand 3
  • typed
  • aesthetic
  • diagrams
  • notes
  • summary
  • 33
  • genetics and genetic engineering

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  • 12th Grade
  • Life Sciences
  • 200
All documents for this subject (1211)

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Genetics and Genetic Engineering:


Genetics: Heredity and variation in organisms

Gregor Mendel: 'Father of Genetics'



Genes and alleles:

• Each chromatid is made up of 1 DNA molecule

• Each DNA molecule is made up of a series of genes

• Gene: Section of DNA (series of nucleotides/bases) that controls hereditary characteristics (Basic

unit of heredity)




• Each chromosome has between several hundred and several thousand genes (total in humans is

between 20 000 and 25 000)

• Almost all somatic cells have exact copy of all the genes in an organism

• 2 of each chromosome (maternal & paternal) therefore each cell has 2 of each kind of gene

(variations = alleles)

• Gene pool = set of all genes (genetic information) in a population of sexually reproducing

organisms

• Large gene pool = high genetic diversity (increased chances of survival)

• High proportion of genes are non-coding genes (only 2% of DNA codes for protein: Responsible

for genetic traits)

• Hox genes = Master control genes determine how the body develops from single zygote

• Control of genes = epigenetics

,• Human Epigenome Project documents what switches genes on and off

• Eugenics: Gene tampering/manipulation



Alleles:

• Responsible for controlling different versions of a trait/characteristic found in the same locus

(position) on homologous chromosomes eg. eye colour

• Represented by letters:

- Capital letter = dominant allele (Eg. B)

- Lower case letter = recessive allele (EG. b)

• Alleles passed from parents to offspring by chromosomes in gametes made by meiosis in sex

organs




• Normal somatic cells are diploid (2n): Have a pair of homologous chromosomes & 2 alleles which

may be the same or different

• Sex cells (gametes) are haploid (n): Have 1 pair of homologous chromosomes & 1 of each pair of

alleles

, • During fertilisation, male & female gametes with alleles fuse to form diploid zygote

• Zygote divides by mitosis to form new organism with the same set of chromosomes and alleles



Genotypes & phenotypes:

• Genotype: Made up of all genes an organism carries on its chromosomes

• Phenotype: Physical appearance of an organism: Partly programmed by genes, and shaped by

external factors (exercise, diet, environment)



Homozygous & heterozygous:

• Homozygous: Pair of alleles at same locus are the same eg BB

• Heterozygous: Pair of alleles at same locus are different eg Bb (hybrid)



Dominant & Recessive alleles:

In heterozygous pairing, one allele of a pair may be:

• Dominant: Trait is expressed in offspring

• Recessive: Trait is suppressed in presence of dominant allele & not in offspring



• Homozygous dominant (BB)

• Homozygous recessive (Bb)

• Heterozygous



Genotype: Phenotype:

- BB (Homozygous dominant). - Black coat

- Bb (Heterozygous). - Black coat

- bb (Homozygous recessive) - White coat

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