samenvatting Hoofdstuk 2 + 3 : chemistry of life en cel structuur en functie,van biologie en ziekteleer
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Course
Menselijke Biologie En Ziekteleer (BKULP0R75B)
Institution
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven)
Dit is een uitgebreide samenvatting van hoofdstuk 2 en 3 van het vak biologie en ziekteleer. Er zit daarnaast ook een inhoudsopgave bij als geheugensteun voor deze hoofdstukken. in het Nederlands samengevat.
Inhoud
chapter 2: chemistry of life.....................................................................................................................3
2.1. from atoms to molecules........................................................................................................3
2.2. water and life..........................................................................................................................3
2.2.1. hydrogen bonds....................................................................................................................3
2.2.2. properties of water...............................................................................................................3
2.2.3. Acids and Bases.....................................................................................................................5
2.2.4. acidic solutions (High H concentrations)...............................................................................5
2.2.5. Basic solutions (low H concentrations).................................................................................5
2.2.6. PH scale.................................................................................................................................5
2.2.7. buffers...................................................................................................................................6
2.3. molecules of life......................................................................................................................6
2.4. carbohydrates.........................................................................................................................7
2.4.1. Simple carbohydrates: Monosaccharides.............................................................................7
2.4.2. Disaccharides........................................................................................................................7
2.4.3. complex carbohydrates: polysaccharides.............................................................................7
2.5. lipids.......................................................................................................................................8
2.5.1. triglycerides: fats and oils.....................................................................................................8
2.5.2. saturated, unsaturated, and trans fatty acids.......................................................................9
2.5.3. dietary fats............................................................................................................................9
2.5.4 phospholipids.......................................................................................................................10
2.5.5. steriods...............................................................................................................................10
2.6. proteins................................................................................................................................10
2.6.1. amino acids: Subunits of proteins.......................................................................................11
2.6.2. peptides..............................................................................................................................11
2.6.3. shape of proteins................................................................................................................12
2.6.4 levels of protein organization..............................................................................................12
2.7. nucleic acids..........................................................................................................................12
2.7.1. how the structures of DNA and RNA differ.........................................................................13
2.7.2. ATP: An energy Carrier........................................................................................................14
2.7.3. structure of ATP suits its function.......................................................................................14
Chapter 3 : cell structure and function.................................................................................................14
3.1. what is a cell?.......................................................................................................................14
3.2. How cells are organized........................................................................................................17
1
Merel Praet
,Menselijke biologie en ziekteleer
3.2.1. Evolutionary History of the Eukaryotic cell.........................................................................18
3.3. The plasma Membrane and how substances cross it............................................................18
3.3.1. plasma membrane functions..............................................................................................19
3.4. The nucleus and endomembrane system..............................................................................22
3.4.1. the nucleus.........................................................................................................................22
3.4.2. ribosomes...........................................................................................................................22
3.4.3. The endomembrane system...............................................................................................22
3.4.4. The endoplasmic reticulum.................................................................................................23
3.4.5. The golgi apparatus............................................................................................................23
3.4.6. Lysosomes...........................................................................................................................23
3.5. The cytoskeleton cell, cell movement, and cell junctions......................................................24
3.5.1. Cilia and flagella..................................................................................................................24
3.5.2. Extracellular Matrix.............................................................................................................24
3.5.3. Junctions between cells......................................................................................................25
3.6. Metabolism and the energy reactions...................................................................................25
3.6.1. Metabolic pathways...........................................................................................................25
3.6.2. Enzymes..............................................................................................................................26
3.6.3. Mitochondria and cellular respiration................................................................................26
3.6.4. ATP-ADP cycle (kort)...........................................................................................................27
3.6.5. Cellular respiration.............................................................................................................27
3.6.6. Fermentation......................................................................................................................28
2
Merel Praet
, Menselijke biologie en ziekteleer
chapter 2: chemistry of life
2.1. from atoms to molecules
-> zie intro les (niet te kennen)
2.2. water and life
Water = rijkste molecuul in levende organismen.
- 60-70% van het totale lichaamsgewicht. (wordt minder bij ouder worden)
- De fysische en chemische eigenschappen van water maken leven (zoals we dat kennen)
mogelijk.
Elektronen brengen de meeste tijd door met cirkelen rond O.
- Omdat O een groter vermogen heeft om elektronen aan te trekken.
- Zuurstof (O) wordt licht negatief.
- Waterstof (H) wordt licht positief.
Water is een polaire molecule
- zuurstofatoom : negatieve lading (-).
- Waterstofatoom : positieve lading (+)
2.2.1. hydrogen bonds
Hydrogen bonds/ waterstofbruggen = aantrekking van een licht positief
covalent gebonden waterstof tot een licht negatief atoom in de buurt.
- Meestal tussen waterstof en zuurstof of stikstof
-Waterstofbinding -> weergegeven door stippellijn
- relatief zwakke binding + kan gemakkelijk worden verbroken
2.2.2. properties of water
Eerste cel (len) geëvolueerd in water + alle levende organismen bestaan voor 70-90% uit
water.
waterstofbinding -> watermoleculen kleven aan elkaar: zonder dit zou water bij -100 graden
bevriezen en koken bij - 91 graden -> leven onwaarschijnlijk
Waterstofbinding is ervoor verantwoordelijk dat water een vloeistof is bij temperaturen die
doorgaans op het aardoppervlak voorkomen
- bevriest : 0 °c
- kookt : 100°c
Water has a high heat capacity (thermal stability)
- Een calorie is de hoeveelheid warmte-energie die nodig is om de temperatuur van 1 gram
water 1 graad te verhogen.
- Water houdt zijn warmte vast en de temperatuur daalt langzamer dan die van andere
vloeistoffen
We zijn beter in staat: onze normale interne temperatuur behouden + beschermd
tegen snelle temperatuurveranderingen
3
Merel Praet
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