3 broad ways of understanding psychological phenomena
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A level Psychology
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Psychology 101 Exam 1
Psychology - The scientific investigation of mental processes and behavior
Where did psychology branch out from? - Physiology and Philosophy
Structuralism - Focused on the structure of consciousness and the mind (not identified
with anymore)
2 Structuralists - Wundt and Titchener
Functionalism - Focused on the function of the mind in helping people adapt to their
environment (not identified with anymore)
2 Functionalists - Darwin and James
3 Broad ways of understanding psychological phenomena - Theoretical Propositions,
Shared Metaphors, Accepted Methods of Observation
Modern Perspectives - Psychodynamic, Behaviorist, Cognitive, Evolutionary
Psychodynamic - started by Sigmund Freud; case studies, not easy to test or prove
because of small sample size
Behaviorist - Ivan Pavlov and B.F. Skinner; mental processes are byproducts of
environmental events; experiment
Behaviorist Metaphor - People are like machines
Cognitive - Wundt; focuses on how people perceive, process and retrieve information
(Perspective)
Cognitive Metaphor - Brain like a computer
Evolutionary - Darwin; behaviors have come about because they helped our ancestors
survive
Evolutionary Metaphor - runners in a race
, Biopsychology - Physical bases of psychological phenomena (sub-discipline)
Developmental psychology - How thought, feeling, and behavior develops through life
span
Social Psychology - Influence of real or imagined others influence on the individual
Industrial/Organizational Psychology - Human behavior within an organization as well
as organizational problems (sub-discipline)
Educational Psychology - Psychological processes in learning environments (sub-
discipline)
Health Psychology - Psychological factors involved in health and disease
Clinical Psychology - Nature and treatment of psychological processes leading to
emotional distress
Cognitive Psychology - Nature of mental process such as thought, memory, language
Personality Psychology - Enduring patterns of thought, feeling and behavior for types of
people or individuals (sub-discipline)
Theory - Systematic way of organizing and explaining observations
Variable - changes across circumstance or varies among individuals
Hypothesis - a tentative belief or guess predicting or explaining the relationship between
2 or more variables
Continuous Variable - a variable rated from none to much (amount of variable)
Categorical Variable - a variable rated in groups or categories (definite answers like
man/woman)
Standardized Procedure - doing the same thing with each participant in the same way
(e.g. how the procedure is explained)
Population - the group you want to be able to generalize to
Sample - the group participating in the experiment
Generalizability - how much the findings apply to your population
Internal Validity - the methods are valid
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