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Samenvatting Human Biology
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Samenvatting menselijke biologie
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INHOUDThema 1: Dierlijke ontwikkeling .............................................................................................................................. 4
Bevruchting ......................................................................................................................................................... 4
Sperma-penetratie en membraanfusie ........................................................................................................... 4
Eicel-activatie .................................................................................................................................................. 5
kernfusie ......................................................................................................................................................... 5
Kernfusie ............................................................................................................................................................. 6
Klieving ................................................................................................................................................................ 7
Klievingspatronen ............................................................................................................................................... 8
Gastrulatie ........................................................................................................................................................... 9
Organogenese ................................................................................................................................................... 10
Organogenese in vertebraten ........................................................................................................................... 10
Neurulatie ..................................................................................................................................................... 10
Ontwikkelingsmechanismen ............................................................................................................................. 12
Cellulaire ontwikkelingsprocessen ................................................................................................................ 12
Controle ontwikkelingsprocessen ................................................................................................................. 12
Ontwikkeling bij placentaire zoogdieren........................................................................................................... 13
Gastrulatie zoogdieren ...................................................................................................................................... 14
Extra-embryonale membranen bij vogelei en menselijk embryo ..................................................................... 14
Ontwikkeling bij placentaire zoogdieren........................................................................................................... 15
Thema 2: weefsels................................................................................................................................................. 16
Dierlijke weefsels .............................................................................................................................................. 16
Dierlijke lichaamsholtes .................................................................................................................................... 16
Epitheelweefsel ................................................................................................................................................. 16
Steunweefsel ..................................................................................................................................................... 17
Spierweefsel ...................................................................................................................................................... 19
Zenuwweefsel ................................................................................................................................................... 20
Organen en orgaanstelsels ................................................................................................................................ 20
Homeostase ...................................................................................................................................................... 21
Thema 3: Osmoseregulatie en het excretiestelsel ................................................................................................ 23
Osmolariteit en osmotische balans ................................................................................................................... 23
Osmoregulatie bij invertebraten ....................................................................................................................... 24
Evolutie van de nier bij vertebraten .................................................................................................................. 25
Stikstofhoudende afvalstoffen .......................................................................................................................... 25
De nier bij zoogdieren ....................................................................................................................................... 26
Reabsorptie en secretie .................................................................................................................................... 27
1
, Excretie.............................................................................................................................................................. 27
Transport in het nefron ..................................................................................................................................... 27
Hormonale controle van de osmoregulatie ...................................................................................................... 28
Thema 4: spijsvertering ......................................................................................................................................... 29
Variatie in spijsvertering ................................................................................................................................... 29
Types spijsvertering .......................................................................................................................................... 29
Vertebrate spijsvertering .................................................................................................................................. 29
Wanden spijsverteringskanaal ...................................................................................................................... 30
Mond en keelholte ........................................................................................................................................ 30
Slokdarm (oesophagus) ................................................................................................................................. 30
Maag ............................................................................................................................................................. 30
Dunne darm .................................................................................................................................................. 31
Absorptie ........................................................................................................................................................... 32
Dikke darm ........................................................................................................................................................ 32
Regulatie spijsverteringstelsel........................................................................................................................... 32
Regulatie voedselopname ................................................................................................................................. 33
Neuro – endocriene controle van voedselgedrag ............................................................................................. 33
Voedselenergie en essentiele nutriënten ......................................................................................................... 33
Thema 5: Musculo-skeletaal stelsel ...................................................................................................................... 34
Types van skelet ................................................................................................................................................ 34
Been .................................................................................................................................................................. 35
Beenstructuur ................................................................................................................................................... 35
Beweging van de skeletspieren ......................................................................................................................... 36
Structuur van de skeletspier ............................................................................................................................. 36
Contractie van de skeletspier ............................................................................................................................ 36
Types van spiervezels ........................................................................................................................................ 37
Thema 6: Het circulatorisch systeem: de bloedsomloop ...................................................................................... 38
circulatiestelsel bij invertebraten...................................................................................................................... 38
Circulatiestelstel bij vertebraten ....................................................................................................................... 38
Samenstelling en functie van het bloed ........................................................................................................ 38
Karakteristieken van bloedvezels .................................................................................................................. 39
Cardiovasculaire ziektes ................................................................................................................................ 39
Evolutie van de bouw van het hart ............................................................................................................... 40
Hartcyclus ...................................................................................................................................................... 41
Bloeddruk meten .......................................................................................................................................... 42
Contractie hartspier ...................................................................................................................................... 42
Thema 7: Ademhaling/gasuitwisseling ................................................................................................................. 43
2
, Cellulaire ademhaling (respiratie) ..................................................................................................................... 43
(in)directe gasuitwisseling cel – milieu ............................................................................................................. 43
Transport van gassen ........................................................................................................................................ 43
Principes van gasdiffusie ................................................................................................................................... 43
Transport van O2 ............................................................................................................................................... 43
Ademhalingspigmenten .................................................................................................................................... 44
Transport van CO2 ............................................................................................................................................. 45
Gasuitwisselingssystemen ................................................................................................................................. 45
Thema 8: Endocrien – hormonaal stelsel .............................................................................................................. 46
Chemische boodschappermoleculen ................................................................................................................ 46
Typische chemische boodschapper-moleculen ............................................................................................ 46
Endocrien systeem ............................................................................................................................................ 47
Lipofiele hormonen ........................................................................................................................................... 49
Hydrofiele hormonen ........................................................................................................................................ 50
Hypofyse-hypothalamus ................................................................................................................................... 51
Neurohypofyse .............................................................................................................................................. 51
Adenohypofyse ............................................................................................................................................. 52
Perifere endocriene klieren............................................................................................................................... 53
Diabetes Mellitus .............................................................................................................................................. 55
Gonaden ............................................................................................................................................................ 56
RAAS – systeem ................................................................................................................................................. 56
Thema 9: Het zenuwstelsel ................................................................................................................................... 57
Organisatie van het zenuwstelsel ..................................................................................................................... 57
Mechanisme van de zenuwimpuls .................................................................................................................... 58
Synapsen ........................................................................................................................................................... 61
Neurotransmitters ............................................................................................................................................ 62
Synaptische integratie ....................................................................................................................................... 62
Habituatie.......................................................................................................................................................... 63
Centraal zenuwstelsel ....................................................................................................................................... 64
3
, THEMA 1: DIERLIJKE ONTWIKKELING
BEVRUCHTING
- In alle sexueel-reproducerende dieren → de versmelting van mannelijke en vrouwelijke haploïde
gameten (zaadcel en eicel) tot diploïde zygote die ontwikkelt (embryo)
- Drie gebeurtenissen:
o Sperma-penetratie en membraanfusie
o Eicel-activatie
o Versmelting van de kernen (kernfusie)
- Tegenstrijdige vereisten:
o Bevruchting bevorderen
o Verhinderen polyspermie (polyploïdie) of versmelting met zaadcel andere soort (bij
uitwendige bevruchting)
- Van zygote naar embryo → methodische delingen.
o Meiose = vorming geslacht
o Mitose = vorming embryo
POLYSPERMIE: versmelten van meerdere zaadcellen met een eicel. Moet vermeden worden, zie abnormaal
aantal chromosomen (polyploidie, komt wel voor bij planten).
SPERMA-PENETRATIE EN MEMBRAANFUSIE
- Beschermende lagen van de eieren bestaan uit:
o Vitelline-enveloppe
o Gelatinelaag Zee-egels
o Zona pellucida Zoogdieren
- ACROSOOMREACTIE: Acromosoom van sperma bevat verteringsenzymen → doorbreekt
celmembraan van de eicel.
O Bij zoogdieren wordt de eicellen omgeven door zona pellucida
- Membraanfusie laat de spermakern toe om onmiddellijk binnen te dringen in het eicel-cytoplasma →
cytoplasma is wat er rond jouw cel in de eicel zit.
De zaadcel bevat vooral aspecten om de eicel binnen te geraken
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