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Summary PHIL 210 Critical Thinking Lecture notes, Final Exam Review (Preparation notes for the final, mainly definitions as well as examples depending on the topic/material. This includes Chapters 1-8) (Concordia University) 2023$9.99
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Summary PHIL 210 Critical Thinking Lecture notes, Final Exam Review (Preparation notes for the final, mainly definitions as well as examples depending on the topic/material. This includes Chapters 1-8) (Concordia University) 2023
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PHIL 210
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Concordia University (
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PHIL 210 Critical Thinking Lecture notes, Final Exam Review (Preparation notes for the final, mainly definitions as well as examples depending on the topic/material. This includes Chapters 1-8) (Concordia University) 2023
mainly definitions as well as examples depending on the topicmaterial this includes chapters 1 8 conco
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lOMoAR cPSD| 6353920
PHIL 210 Critical
Thinking Lecture notes,
Final Exam Review
(Concordia University)
2023
,
, lOMoAR cPSD| 6353920
PHIL 210 Final Exam Review
FORMS
Important Notes from Chapter 1 –
Soundness – When all premises are true, as well as all of them are valid.
Validity – When an argument meets the structural requirements that the conclusion is absolutely
certain to be true provided all the premises are true.
Inference – the thinking process through which premises lead us to conclusions.
Assertions – to undertake the obligation to defend or retract the assertion in the face of
questioning/evidence to contrary.
Arguments – the exchange of assertions/questioning then becomes the argument.
Explanation – if the assertion is known by the audience, it is considered an explanation (to make
better sense of something that is already believed).
- Causal explanation; describing the prior conditions that caused some event
- Pseudo explanation; labeling an answer that will require further information and cause
more questioning.
Truth Conditions –
Contingent Truth Example – There is no such thing as a purple elephant. (Could be sufficiently
true if there is a stuffed purple elephant).
Necessary Truth Example – Number 4 is not higher than Number 5. (True in every situation).
Valid Forms of Argument –
Modus Ponens – If P then Q, P, Therefore Q.
Modus Tollens – If P then Q, Not Q, Therefore not P.
Disjunctive Syllogism – Either P, or Q. Not P, Therefore Q.
Hypothetical Syllogism – If P then Q, If Q then R, Therefore if P then R.
Invalid Forms of Argument –
Denying the antecedent – If P then Q, Not P, Therefore, Not Q.
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