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Samenvatting van alle hoorcolleges, werkcolleges en zelfstudies van het tweede deel van de cursus Neurowetenschappen (BMW20505)
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  • Course
  • Neurowetenschappen (BMW20505)
  • Institution
  • Universiteit Utrecht (UU)
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  • Neuroscience

Deze gedetailleerde samenvatting behandelt alles wat aan bod is gekomen tijdens de hoorcolleges, werkcolleges en zelfstudies van het tweede deel van de cursus Neurowetenschappen aan de Universiteit Utrecht (BMW20505). Hierdoor bevat het alle informatie die nodig is voor het tweede deeltentamen. Ond...

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  • Unknown
  • January 8, 2023
  • 195
  • 2020/2021
  • Summary

Subjects

  • ganglia
  • spinale ganglia
  • autonome ganglia
  • neuronen
  • gliacellen
  • axonaal transport
  • cerebrale hemisferen
  • diencephalon
  • cerebellum
  • hersenstam
  • ruggenmerg
  • ventrikelsysteem
  • her
  • algemene organisatie zenuwstelsel

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  • Biomedische Wetenschappen
  • Neurowetenschappen (BMW20505)
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Samenvatting neurowetenschappen
Organisatie CZS, motorisch systeem, corticale functies, AZS,
chemoreceptie en limbisch systeem



Biomedische Wetenschappen
2020-2021




Door Nicole (studente BMW)

,Inhoudsopgave
Algemene organisatie zenuwstelsel ........................................................................................................ 5
Ganglia ................................................................................................................................................. 5
Spinale ganglia ................................................................................................................................. 5
Autonome ganglia ........................................................................................................................... 5
Neuronen............................................................................................................................................. 6
Gliacellen ............................................................................................................................................. 9
Axonaal transport .............................................................................................................................. 11
Tracing methoden ......................................................................................................................... 12
Organisatie hersenen ........................................................................................................................ 13
Cerebrale hemisferen .................................................................................................................... 14
Diencephalon................................................................................................................................. 18
Cerebellum .................................................................................................................................... 19
Hersenstam ................................................................................................................................... 19
Ruggenmerg .................................................................................................................................. 21
Ventrikelsysteem ........................................................................................................................... 23
Hersenvliezen ................................................................................................................................ 24
Arteriële systeem .............................................................................................................................. 27
Bloedvoorziening dura .................................................................................................................. 28
Bloed-hersenbarrière .................................................................................................................... 29
Hersenzenuwen ................................................................................................................................. 30
Perifeer motorisch neuron .................................................................................................................... 37
Organisatie motorisch systeem ......................................................................................................... 37
Aandoeningen motorneuronen ........................................................................................................ 38
Lower motor neurons........................................................................................................................ 39
Distributie motorneuronenpools .................................................................................................. 41
Eigenschappen motorneuronen .................................................................................................... 43
Type spiervezels ............................................................................................................................ 46
Spierkracht .................................................................................................................................... 48
Overzicht ....................................................................................................................................... 49
Proprioceptie ..................................................................................................................................... 50
Sensibele vezels spierspoeltjes...................................................................................................... 51
Myotatische reflex (rekreflex) ....................................................................................................... 52
Eenvoudige reflexen ...................................................................................................................... 56
Complexe reflexen......................................................................................................................... 57
Golgi peeslichaampjes ................................................................................................................... 58

1

, Aandoeningen ............................................................................................................................... 61
Locomotie .......................................................................................................................................... 62
Patroongeneratoren ...................................................................................................................... 63
Dwarslaesie ................................................................................................................................... 65
Elektrische stimulatie van CPGs .................................................................................................... 66
Centraal motorisch neuron ................................................................................................................... 67
Upper motor neurons........................................................................................................................ 67
Organisatie afdalende motorbanen .............................................................................................. 67
Baansystemen ................................................................................................................................... 68
Mediale baansysteem (oude systeem) ......................................................................................... 68
Laterale baansysteem (nieuwe systeem) ...................................................................................... 71
Motorische cortex ............................................................................................................................. 72
Premotor cortex ............................................................................................................................ 73
Descenderende baansystemen ..................................................................................................... 74
Laesies ........................................................................................................................................... 78
Cerebellum en basale ganglia................................................................................................................ 80
Cerebellum ........................................................................................................................................ 80
Opbouw ......................................................................................................................................... 80
Input .............................................................................................................................................. 82
Output ........................................................................................................................................... 83
Plasticiteit vestibulo-oculaire reflex .............................................................................................. 86
Cerebellaire laesies........................................................................................................................ 89
Basale ganglia .................................................................................................................................... 91
Circuit ............................................................................................................................................ 93
Ziekte van Parkinson ..................................................................................................................... 95
Ziekte van Huntington ................................................................................................................... 96
Overzicht controle motorische functies ............................................................................................ 98
Corticale functies ................................................................................................................................... 99
Somatosensibele systeem ................................................................................................................. 99
Baansysteem gnostische sensibiliteit .......................................................................................... 101
Baansysteem vitale sensibiliteit .................................................................................................. 103
Visueel systeem ............................................................................................................................... 106
Optisch baansysteem .................................................................................................................. 107
Primaire visuele cortex ................................................................................................................ 108
Pathways ..................................................................................................................................... 109
Aandoeningen visueel systeem ................................................................................................... 112

2

, Auditief systeem .............................................................................................................................. 113
Auditieve baansysteem ............................................................................................................... 114
Taalgebieden en lateralisatie .......................................................................................................... 116
Motorisch systeem .......................................................................................................................... 117
Premotor cortex .......................................................................................................................... 118
Motorische baansystemen .......................................................................................................... 119
Associatiecortex .............................................................................................................................. 121
Neglect syndroom ....................................................................................................................... 121
Frontale associatiecortex (prefrontale cortex)............................................................................ 122
Technieken ...................................................................................................................................... 123
Functionele MRI (fMRI) ............................................................................................................... 123
Electrocortical stimulation mapping (ESM) ................................................................................. 123
Autonoom zenuwstelsel en hypothalamus ......................................................................................... 124
Autonoom zenuwstelsel .................................................................................................................. 124
Sensorisch deel ............................................................................................................................ 124
Parasympathische zenuwstelsel .................................................................................................. 131
Sympathische zenuwstelsel ......................................................................................................... 134
Cholinerge transmissie ................................................................................................................ 136
Noradrenerge transmissie ........................................................................................................... 136
Overzicht parasympathisch vs. sympathisch............................................................................... 137
Centrale controle van viscerale motorfuncties ........................................................................... 139
Hypothalamus ................................................................................................................................. 141
Periventriculaire zone.................................................................................................................. 143
Endogene signalen ...................................................................................................................... 149
Autonome zenuwstelsel en gedrag ............................................................................................. 152
Dag- en nachtritme...................................................................................................................... 155
Lichaamstemperatuur ................................................................................................................. 157
Chemoreceptie en limbisch systeem .................................................................................................. 158
Olfactorische systeem (reuk)........................................................................................................... 158
Reukepitheel................................................................................................................................ 160
Chemoreceptoren ....................................................................................................................... 161
Bulbus olfactorius ........................................................................................................................ 163
Spatiële organisatie van geurinformatie ..................................................................................... 164
Comorbiditeit met hersenziektes ................................................................................................ 165
Vomeronasale systeem (accessoir olfactorisch systeem) ........................................................... 165



3

, Smaak .............................................................................................................................................. 166
Smaakreceptoren ........................................................................................................................ 168
Trigeminaal (pijn)systeem ............................................................................................................... 170
Maaltijdbeleving .............................................................................................................................. 171
Limbisch systeem ............................................................................................................................ 172
Emoties ........................................................................................................................................ 173
Limbische kwab ........................................................................................................................... 175
Amygdala ..................................................................................................................................... 178
Hippocampus ............................................................................................................................... 183
Mesolimbische dopaminerge systeem ........................................................................................ 187
Anatomie hersengebieden .............................................................................................................. 188
Coronale doorsneden .................................................................................................................. 189
Bang in het brein ................................................................................................................................. 190
Angststoornissen ............................................................................................................................. 190
Schrik ............................................................................................................................................... 190
Fear potentiated startle respons ................................................................................................. 191
Angst ................................................................................................................................................ 192
Aangeleerde angst ....................................................................................................................... 193
Aangeboren angst ....................................................................................................................... 194
Humane angststoornissen ............................................................................................................... 194




4

, Algemene organisatie zenuwstelsel
Het zenuwstelsel kan onderverdeeld worden in:
• Centraal zenuwstelsel (CZS):
➢ Hersenen (encephalon):
⬧ Cerebrum
⬧ Cerebellum
➢ Ruggenmerg (myelum)
• Perifeer zenuwstelsel (PZS):
➢ Craniale zenuwen (nervi craniales)
➢ Ruggenmerg zenuwen (nervi spinales)
➢ Ganglia (knooppunten)

Binnen het perifere zenuwstelsel kan nog een onderscheid gemaakt worden in sensorische zenuwen
en motorische zenuwen. Zo geleiden sensorische zenuwen signalen naar het zenuwstelsel toe
(afferent) en geleiden motorische zenuwen signalen van het zenuwstelsel af (efferent). Daarnaast
kunnen sensorische zenuwen zowel somatische (huid, spieren, gewrichten, etc.) als viscerale
informatie (blaas, darmen, etc.) doorgeven. De motorische zenuwen daarentegen, kunnen zowel
somatische (skeletspieren) als autonome informatie (gladde spieren, hartspier, klieren) doorgeven.

De cellen die onderdeel uitmaken van het zenuwstelsel kunnen onderverdeeld worden in neuronen
en gliacellen. Een mens heeft naar schatting 100 miljard neuronen en zo’n 1000 miljard gliacellen.
Hierbij zijn neuronen de functionele cellen die in vorm en grootte verschillen. De gliacellen
daarentegen, zijn ondersteunende cellen die de neuronen beschermen.

Ganglia
Een ganglion is een groep zenuwcellen buiten het centrale zenuwstelsel. Een ganglion is omgeven
door een bindweefselkapsel van waaruit vaak bindweefseltussenschotten naar binnen gaan.

Spinale ganglia
Spinale ganglia worden ook wel sensorische ganglia genoemd. Ze bevatten cellichamen van de
pseudo-unipolaire sensibele neuronen. Deze zijn omgeven door satellietcellen, dit zijn een soort
gliacellen. Om deze satellietcellen liggen bindweefselelementen die samenhangen met kapsels en
schotten. De axonen zijn van een myelineschede voorzien en er zijn geen dendrieten,
eindvertakkingen en synapsen in deze ganglia.

Autonome ganglia
Autonome ganglia bevatten cellichamen van multipolaire autonome zenuwcellen. Ook deze
cellichamen zijn door satellietcellen en bindweefselelementen omgeven. De axonen van deze
somata hebben geen myelineschede en zijn dus mergloos. In deze ganglia komen wel dendrieten,
eindvertakkingen van binnenkomende gemyeliniseerde axonen en dus ook synapsen voor.




5

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