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Samenvatting van alle hoorcolleges, werkcolleges en zelfstudies van het eerste deel van de cursus Neurowetenschappen (BMW20505)
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  • Course
  • Neurowetenschappen (BMW20505)
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  • Universiteit Utrecht (UU)
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  • Neuroscience

Deze gedetailleerde samenvatting behandelt alles wat aan bod is gekomen tijdens de hoorcolleges, werkcolleges en zelfstudies van het eerste deel van de cursus Neurowetenschappen aan de Universiteit Utrecht (BMW30305). Hierdoor bevat het alle informatie die nodig is voor het eerste deeltentamen. Ond...

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  • January 8, 2023
  • 270
  • 2020/2021
  • Summary

Subjects

  • ganglia
  • spinale ganglia
  • autonome ganglia
  • neuronen
  • gliacellen
  • axonaal transport
  • arteriële systeem
  • bloed hersenbarrière
  • hersenzenuwen
  • algemene organisatie zenuwstelsel
  • ontwikkeling centraal zenuwstelsel

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  • Biomedische Wetenschappen
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Samenvatting neurowetenschappen
Organisatie CZS, embryonale ontwikkeling, elektrische geleiding,
neurotransmissie en sensorische systemen



Biomedische Wetenschappen
2020-2021




Door Nicole (studente BMW)

,Inhoudsopgave
Algemene organisatie zenuwstelsel ........................................................................................................ 5
Ganglia ................................................................................................................................................. 5
Spinale ganglia ................................................................................................................................. 5
Autonome ganglia ........................................................................................................................... 5
Neuronen............................................................................................................................................. 6
Gliacellen ............................................................................................................................................. 9
Axonaal transport .............................................................................................................................. 11
Tracing methoden ......................................................................................................................... 12
Organisatie hersenen ........................................................................................................................ 13
Cerebrale hemisferen .................................................................................................................... 14
Diencephalon................................................................................................................................. 18
Cerebellum .................................................................................................................................... 19
Hersenstam ................................................................................................................................... 19
Ruggenmerg .................................................................................................................................. 21
Ventrikelsysteem ........................................................................................................................... 23
Hersenvliezen ................................................................................................................................ 24
Arteriële systeem .............................................................................................................................. 27
Bloedvoorziening dura .................................................................................................................. 28
Bloed-hersenbarrière .................................................................................................................... 29
Hersenzenuwen ................................................................................................................................. 30
Ontwikkeling centraal zenuwstelsel ...................................................................................................... 35
Embryogenese ................................................................................................................................... 35
Zygote ............................................................................................................................................ 35
Morula ........................................................................................................................................... 35
Blastula .......................................................................................................................................... 35
Innesteling ..................................................................................................................................... 36
Gastrulatie ..................................................................................................................................... 36
1e stadium: dorsale inductie .............................................................................................................. 37
Neurulatie ...................................................................................................................................... 38
Mesodermdifferentiatie ................................................................................................................ 40
Neurale buisdefecten .................................................................................................................... 43
2e stadium: ventrale inductie ............................................................................................................ 46
Ontwikkeling hersenen.................................................................................................................. 49
Ontwikkeling ruggenmerg en hersenstam .................................................................................... 53



1

, 3e stadium: neurogenese en neuronale migratie .............................................................................. 60
Neocortex ...................................................................................................................................... 61
Defecten ........................................................................................................................................ 63
e
4 stadium: myelinisatie .................................................................................................................... 64
Moleculaire en cellulaire embryologie CZS ........................................................................................... 65
Ontwikkeling van de hersenen .......................................................................................................... 65
Eenrichtingsverkeer........................................................................................................................... 66
Neuronale stamcellen ....................................................................................................................... 66
Differentiatie van stamcellen ........................................................................................................ 67
Stamcelmodellen ........................................................................................................................... 67
Groeifactoren en morfogenen ...................................................................................................... 69
Organizers...................................................................................................................................... 71
Axon guidance molecules .............................................................................................................. 71
Ontwikkelingsverloop hersenen........................................................................................................ 73
Cellulaire ontwikkeling van de cerebrale cortex ........................................................................... 75
Elektrische signalen in neuronen .......................................................................................................... 80
Neuronen........................................................................................................................................... 80
Elektrische activiteit .......................................................................................................................... 80
Ionkanalen ..................................................................................................................................... 81
Wet van Nernst (Nernst equation) ................................................................................................ 81
Wet van Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz ................................................................................................... 82
Membraanpotentiaal in rust ......................................................................................................... 83
Meten van elektrische activiteit ........................................................................................................ 84
Potentiaal veranderingen .............................................................................................................. 85
Permeabiliteit ionkanalen ............................................................................................................. 86
Voltage clamp ................................................................................................................................ 86
Actiepotentialen ................................................................................................................................ 89
Refractaire periode........................................................................................................................ 89
Vorm actiepotentiaal..................................................................................................................... 93
Geleiding van actiepotentialen ..................................................................................................... 94
Gemyeliniseerde axonen ............................................................................................................... 97
Patch clamp afleiding ........................................................................................................................ 99
Ionkanalen ................................................................................................................................... 108
Pompen ....................................................................................................................................... 111
Neurotransmissie ................................................................................................................................ 113
Synapsen.......................................................................................................................................... 113

2

, Elektrische synaps ....................................................................................................................... 115
Chemische synaps ....................................................................................................................... 115
Synaptische transmissie .............................................................................................................. 117
Meten van synaptische transmissie ............................................................................................ 118
Neurocriene receptoren .............................................................................................................. 125
Neurotransmitters en neuropeptiden......................................................................................... 129
Summatie ........................................................................................................................................ 140
Spatiële summatie ....................................................................................................................... 141
Temporele summatie .................................................................................................................. 142
Synaptische plasticiteit .................................................................................................................... 143
Spike timing-dependent plasticity ............................................................................................... 147
Postsynaptische modificatie ........................................................................................................ 151
Gecombineerde modificatie ........................................................................................................ 155
Leren en geheugen ...................................................................................................................... 156
Verslavingen ................................................................................................................................ 158
Somatosensibel systeem ..................................................................................................................... 159
Exteroceptie .................................................................................................................................... 159
Basisschakeling zenuwstelsel ...................................................................................................... 159
Huid ............................................................................................................................................. 161
Mechanoreceptorische baansystemen ....................................................................................... 171
Somatosensibele cortex .............................................................................................................. 173
Pijn ................................................................................................................................................... 175
Type sensoren ............................................................................................................................. 176
Nociceptieve baansystemen ....................................................................................................... 177
Schade ......................................................................................................................................... 184
Modulatie van pijn ...................................................................................................................... 187
Opioïden ...................................................................................................................................... 189
Visueel systeem ................................................................................................................................... 190
Sensorische pathways hersenen ..................................................................................................... 190
Opbouw oog .................................................................................................................................... 191
Lacrimale apparaat ...................................................................................................................... 192
Oogkamervocht (aqueous humor) .............................................................................................. 192
Focusseren en buiging van licht ...................................................................................................... 193
Refractie (buiging) ....................................................................................................................... 193
Accommodatie ............................................................................................................................ 195
Iris ................................................................................................................................................ 198

3

, Fundus ............................................................................................................................................. 201
Gele vlek (fovea) .......................................................................................................................... 204
Adaptatie aan lichtintensiteiten ...................................................................................................... 210
Receptieve velden ........................................................................................................................... 212
Mate van convergentie ............................................................................................................... 214
Optisch baansysteem ...................................................................................................................... 220
Visueel veld ..................................................................................................................................... 221
Monoculair vs. binoculair ............................................................................................................ 223
Pathways ......................................................................................................................................... 231
Ganglioncellen ............................................................................................................................. 232
Architectuur primaire visuele cortex ............................................................................................... 235
Oriëntatiekolommen ................................................................................................................... 237
Hyperkolom ................................................................................................................................. 239
Graduele overgang oculaire dominantiekolommen ................................................................... 240
Kleurenzicht ..................................................................................................................................... 240
Evolutie ........................................................................................................................................ 243
Kleurenblindheid ......................................................................................................................... 244
Kleurcontrasten ........................................................................................................................... 246
Auditief systeem .................................................................................................................................. 249
Geluid .............................................................................................................................................. 249
Functionele opbouw oor ................................................................................................................. 249
Cochlea ........................................................................................................................................ 253
Tonotopie .................................................................................................................................... 255
Orgaan van Corti.......................................................................................................................... 255
Binnenste haarcellen ................................................................................................................... 257
Buitenste haarcellen .................................................................................................................... 259
Ganglioncellen ............................................................................................................................. 260
Auditieve pathway........................................................................................................................... 261
Olijfcomplex................................................................................................................................. 263
Colliculus inferior ......................................................................................................................... 266
Thalamus ..................................................................................................................................... 266
Auditieve cortex .......................................................................................................................... 267
Gehoorverlies en doofheid.............................................................................................................. 268
Corticale plasticiteit ..................................................................................................................... 268
Cochleaire implantaten ............................................................................................................... 269



4

, Algemene organisatie zenuwstelsel
Het zenuwstelsel kan onderverdeeld worden in:
• Centraal zenuwstelsel (CZS):
➢ Hersenen (encephalon):
⬧ Cerebrum
⬧ Cerebellum
➢ Ruggenmerg (myelum)
• Perifeer zenuwstelsel (PZS):
➢ Craniale zenuwen (nervi craniales)
➢ Ruggenmerg zenuwen (nervi spinales)
➢ Ganglia (knooppunten)

Binnen het perifere zenuwstelsel kan nog een onderscheid gemaakt worden in sensorische zenuwen
en motorische zenuwen. Zo geleiden sensorische zenuwen signalen naar het zenuwstelsel toe
(afferent) en geleiden motorische zenuwen signalen van het zenuwstelsel af (efferent). Daarnaast
kunnen sensorische zenuwen zowel somatische (huid, spieren, gewrichten, etc.) als viscerale
informatie (blaas, darmen, etc.) doorgeven. De motorische zenuwen daarentegen, kunnen zowel
somatische (skeletspieren) als autonome informatie (gladde spieren, hartspier, klieren) doorgeven.

De cellen die onderdeel uitmaken van het zenuwstelsel kunnen onderverdeeld worden in neuronen
en gliacellen. Een mens heeft naar schatting 100 miljard neuronen en zo’n 1000 miljard gliacellen.
Hierbij zijn neuronen de functionele cellen die in vorm en grootte verschillen. De gliacellen
daarentegen, zijn ondersteunende cellen die de neuronen beschermen.

Ganglia
Een ganglion is een groep zenuwcellen buiten het centrale zenuwstelsel. Een ganglion is omgeven
door een bindweefselkapsel van waaruit vaak bindweefseltussenschotten naar binnen gaan.

Spinale ganglia
Spinale ganglia worden ook wel sensorische ganglia genoemd. Ze bevatten cellichamen van de
pseudo-unipolaire sensibele neuronen. Deze zijn omgeven door satellietcellen, dit zijn een soort
gliacellen. Om deze satellietcellen liggen bindweefselelementen die samenhangen met kapsels en
schotten. De axonen zijn van een myelineschede voorzien en er zijn geen dendrieten,
eindvertakkingen en synapsen in deze ganglia.

Autonome ganglia
Autonome ganglia bevatten cellichamen van multipolaire autonome zenuwcellen. Ook deze
cellichamen zijn door satellietcellen en bindweefselelementen omgeven. De axonen van deze
somata hebben geen myelineschede en zijn dus mergloos. In deze ganglia komen wel dendrieten,
eindvertakkingen van binnenkomende gemyeliniseerde axonen en dus ook synapsen voor.




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