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Week 1 – framing:Framing: To frame is to select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them
more salient in a communicating text, in such a way as to promote a particular
problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment
recommendation for the item described
Media-effects:
• Knowledge
• Opinions
• Behaviour
• Atttitude
• Emotions
Framing (vroeger en nu):
Vroeger: S à R
Nu: S à black box à R
Jaren ’70: Social change, Increasing knowledge gap, cultivation
Agenda-setting & Framing: Powerful media effects (but not for everyone)
(1) Agenda-setting: Media affect what people think about
(2) Framing: Media affect how we think of political issues
(3) Not everybody is equally affected – who is affected? (moderators)
(4) Underlying effect mechanisms – how are people affected? (mediators)
Agenda-setting: the press may not be successful much of the time in telling people
what to think, but it is stunningly successful in telling its readers what to think about.
2 types frames:
• Equivalence frames
• Emphasis/issue frames
, How can you highlight some aspect?
• Placement
• Repetition
• Association
• Omission
Schuck & Vreese (2006)
• Risk & Opportunity framing
• Risk scoort lager op political engagement
• Interactie effect met Political knowledge
Negativity is stronger then positivity à Negativity mobilizes
Reversed mobilization:
Voters who are determined to vote NO in a referendum and are confronted with
positive news framing perceive the so promoted YES scenario as more of a risk and
get mobilized in order to avoid such an outcome
Week 2 – emotions:
Affective media effects: emotions
Emotions:
5 componenten:
1. Cognitive appraisel/evaluation of the situation
2. The psysiological component of arousal
3. Motor expression
4. A motivational component
5. Subjective feeling state
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