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Samenvatting biologische aspecten AP, othopedagogische begeleiding
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BIOLOGIEsibel julia
BIOLOGISCHE
ASPECTEN
Schooljaar 2021 -2022
,Inhoud
Hoofdstuk 1: Evolutie.............................................................................................................................3
De evolutietheorie..............................................................................................................................3
Ontstaan van soorten.........................................................................................................................3
Hoofdstuk 2: Erfelijkheid........................................................................................................................4
Wat is erfelijkheid?.............................................................................................................................4
Omgeving en genen: twee factoren...................................................................................................4
Het genotype onder de loep...............................................................................................................4
Chromosomen....................................................................................................................................5
Genen.................................................................................................................................................5
Oorsprong van variatie: Lamarck........................................................................................................6
Oorsprong van variatie: ‘foutjes’ of mutaties.....................................................................................6
Wetmatigheden van overerving: Mendel...........................................................................................7
Bepaling of een kenmerk tot uiting komt.......................................................................................7
Hoofdstuk 3: Aangeboren aandoeningen...............................................................................................7
De ontwikkeling van een embryo.......................................................................................................7
Drie soorten aangeboren aandoeningen............................................................................................8
Afwijkingen aan de chromosomen.....................................................................................................8
Voorbeelden...................................................................................................................................8
Afwijkingen aan genen.......................................................................................................................9
Afwijkingen veroorzaakt door omgevingsfactoren tijdens de zwangerschap.....................................9
Multifactoriële overerving..................................................................................................................9
Hoofdstuk 4: Zintuigen.........................................................................................................................10
De zintuigen......................................................................................................................................10
Reflexen............................................................................................................................................10
Hoofdstuk 5: Auditieve en visuele beperking.......................................................................................11
Auditieve beperking..........................................................................................................................11
Onderdelen van het oor...................................................................................................................11
Gehoorstoornissen...........................................................................................................................12
Algo-test.......................................................................................................................................12
Diagnostiek.......................................................................................................................................12
Hoofdstuk 6: Het Zenuwstelsel.............................................................................................................13
Neuronen (=zenuwcellen)................................................................................................................13
De zenuw: doorsnede.......................................................................................................................13
De synaps tijdens actiepotentiaal (Neurale impuls)..........................................................................14
1
, Hoofdstuk 7: het gedrag dat de hersenen produceren en psychische processen................................15
Onderzoeken in de hersenen............................................................................................................15
Phineas Gage: hersenbeschadigingen..............................................................................................15
Dr. Penfield: stimulatie van hersenen met elektroden.....................................................................15
3 lagen van de hersenen...................................................................................................................15
Hoofdstuk 8: Aandoeningen van het zenuwstelsel...............................................................................17
Ziekte van Parkinson.........................................................................................................................17
Omschrijving.................................................................................................................................17
Oorzaken......................................................................................................................................17
Symptomen..................................................................................................................................17
Behandeling..................................................................................................................................18
Ziekte van Alzheimer........................................................................................................................19
Omschrijving.................................................................................................................................19
Oorzaken......................................................................................................................................19
Symptomen..................................................................................................................................19
Behandeling..................................................................................................................................19
Niet-aangeboren hersenletsel (NAH)................................................................................................19
Omschrijving.................................................................................................................................19
Oorzaken......................................................................................................................................19
Symptomen..................................................................................................................................20
Behandeling..................................................................................................................................20
Ataxie................................................................................................................................................21
Omschrijving.................................................................................................................................21
Oorzaken......................................................................................................................................21
Symptomen..................................................................................................................................21
Behandeling..................................................................................................................................21
Epilepsie...........................................................................................................................................22
Omschrijving.................................................................................................................................22
Oorzaken......................................................................................................................................22
Symptomen..................................................................................................................................22
Behandeling..................................................................................................................................22
Fibromyalgie.....................................................................................................................................23
Omschrijving.................................................................................................................................23
Oorzaken......................................................................................................................................23
Symptomen..................................................................................................................................23
Behandeling..................................................................................................................................23
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