Summary: Nectar 5e ed HAVO/VWO English 2-3, chapter 8.1-8.2 ISBN: 9789001880255 Biology
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Course
Biologie
Level
VWO / Gymnasium
Book
Nectar 5e ed havo/vwo English 1
This is a summary of Biology. It's about your body, your lungs, how you breathe and about your blood. It looks at a lot of aspects of how your body works.
• Digestive system: the digestive system breaks down food, so that the nutrients can be
absorbed into the bloodstream.
• Breathing system : from the air the lungs absorb oxygen into the bloodstream and
they remove co2 from the bloodstream into the air.
• Circulatory system: transports nutrients, oxygen and other substances. Your heart
pumps blood via blood vessels to all the organs in your body.
• Your body removes it waste products via the excretory system.
• The nervous system makes sure that all organs work well. It also ensures that your
organs and your organ systems are able to work well with each other.
HOW DO MUSCLES GET ENERGY?
Muscles get energy from energy-rich substances, such as glucose. Respiration releases
energy from glucose to muscles cells which enables muscles to contract. You need oxygen
to break down glucose and release its energy.
• Digestive system: glucose enters blood
• Breathing system: oxygen enters blood
• Circulatory system: glucose and oxygen reach muscles cells. Because of the network
of blood vessels between the muscle cells, each cell is able to absorb glucose and
oxygen.
Respiration releases energy from glucose. in addition, it produces two waste products:
carbon dioxide and water.
These are removed via the circulatory system and then:
• Via breathing system: exhale co2
• Via excretory system: water removed as urine, but you also lose water by, sweating
and exhaling,
WHAT ARE CELLS MADE O F?
• The cell membrane: controls what (substances) goes in and out of the cell. It also
protects the cell.
• The cytoplasm: consists of water and dissolves nutrients.
In the cytoplasm there are organelles: subunit within the cell with a certain function.
1. Cell nucleus: the DNA in the cell nucleus determines the cell’s shape and the
performance of the tasks. Proteins are responsible for it.
2. Ribosomes: produce proteins
3. Tubulars: transport proteins. Part of the proteins ends up in this system and travel
towards the cell membrane, others stay in the cytoplasm.
4. Mitochondria: are the power plants of the cell. Respiration of glucose happens here.
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