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Volledige samenvatting Psychologie en Psychomotoriek

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Psychologie En Psychomotoriek

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Thomas More Hogeschool (tmhs)

Dit document is een samenvatting van het vak 'Psychologie en Psychomotoriek' uit fase 2 van de richting Logopedie en Audiologie van de Thomas More Hogeschool in Antwerpen. Dit vak wordt gegeven door meneer Roelands (psychologie) en mevrouw Bolckmans (schrijfmotoriek). Het document bevat ook een zel...

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Uploaded on January 13, 2023
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psychologie
psychomotoriek
logopedie
audiologie
samenvatting

Institution
Thomas More Hogeschool (tmhs)
Education
Logopedie
Course
Psychologie En Psychomotoriek

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Samenvatting

PSYCHOLOGIE EN
PSYCHOMOTORIEK

Lore Van den Poel
Fase 2, SEM1

,Inhoud
H1: Wat is psychologie (niet)?.................................................................................................................. 6
1. Definities: wat verstaan we onder psyche en psychologie........................................................................... 6
2. Psychologie is een wetenschap ................................................................................................................... 6
3. Korte geschiedenis vd psychologie.............................................................................................................. 6
4. Soorten psychologie ................................................................................................................................... 7
4.1. Cognitieve psychologie ................................................................................................................................................ 7
4.2. Ontwikkelingspsychologie ........................................................................................................................................... 7
4.3. Sociale psychologie ..................................................................................................................................................... 7
4.4. Klinische psychologie................................................................................................................................................... 7
4.5. Sport en prestatiepsychologie ..................................................................................................................................... 7
4.6. Pseudopsychologie ...................................................................................................................................................... 7

H2: Bewustzijn ........................................................................................................................................10
1. Inleiding ................................................................................................................................................... 10
1.1. Historisch ................................................................................................................................................................... 10
2. Wat is bewustzijn? ................................................................................................................................... 10
3. Meten van bewustzijn .............................................................................................................................. 10
4. Niveaus van bewustzijn ............................................................................................................................ 11
4.1. (Bewuste) Bewustzijnsveranderingen ....................................................................................................................... 12

H3: Aandacht ..........................................................................................................................................14
1. Introductie ............................................................................................................................................... 14
2. Wat is aandacht........................................................................................................................................ 14
3. Selectieve aandacht.................................................................................................................................. 14
3.1. Filteren ...................................................................................................................................................................... 14
3.2. Richten van aandacht ................................................................................................................................................ 15
3.3. Zoeken ....................................................................................................................................................................... 16
4. Verdeelde aandacht ................................................................................................................................. 17
4.1. Automatische en gecontroleerde processen ............................................................................................................ 17
4.2. Strooptaak ................................................................................................................................................................. 17
H4: Visuele waarneming .........................................................................................................................18
1. Inleiding: gewaarwording en waarneming ................................................................................................ 18
2. Sensorisch systeem .................................................................................................................................. 18
2.1. Sensorische processen .............................................................................................................................................. 18
3. Overgang sensorisch à perceptueel ......................................................................................................... 20
3.1. Perceptuele constantie ............................................................................................................................................. 20
3.2. Visuele illusies ........................................................................................................................................................... 20
3.3. Visuele agnosie .......................................................................................................................................................... 20
4. Perceptueel systeem ................................................................................................................................ 21
4.1. Bottom-up ................................................................................................................................................................. 21
4.2. Top-down .................................................................................................................................................................. 22

H5: Geheugen .........................................................................................................................................23
1. Structuur vh geheugen ............................................................................................................................. 23
1.1. Inleiding: eerste geheugenonderzoek ....................................................................................................................... 23
2. Structuur vh geheugen ............................................................................................................................. 23
2.1. 1ste model: 3 structuren model (standaardmodel – Atkinson & Shiffrin .................................................................. 24

1

, 3. Werking van het geheugen ....................................................................................................................... 27
3.1. Encoderen – verwerven van informatie .................................................................................................................... 27
3.2. Bewaren van informatie ............................................................................................................................................ 28
3.3. Ophalen van informatie ............................................................................................................................................ 29
4. Vergeten: verval of interferentie?............................................................................................................. 29
H6: Leren ................................................................................................................................................30
1. Definitie ................................................................................................................................................... 30
2. Habituatie en sensatie .............................................................................................................................. 30
3. Klassieke conditionering ........................................................................................................................... 30
3.1. Terminologie ............................................................................................................................................................. 30
3.2. Appetitieve conditionering ....................................................................................................................................... 31
3.3. Aversieve conditionering........................................................................................................................................... 31
3.4. Belangrijke processen ............................................................................................................................................... 31
4. Operante conditionering .......................................................................................................................... 33
4.1. Terminologie ............................................................................................................................................................. 33
4.2. Shaping ...................................................................................................................................................................... 33
4.3. Bekrachtiging ............................................................................................................................................................. 34
4.4. Belonen vs straffen.................................................................................................................................................... 34
5. Cognitief perspectief op leren ................................................................................................................... 35
5.1. Inzichtelijk leren (Köhler) .......................................................................................................................................... 35
5.2. Cognitieve plattegronden (Tolman) .......................................................................................................................... 35
5.3. Sociaal leren (Albert Bandura) .................................................................................................................................. 35
H7: Intelligentie ......................................................................................................................................37
1. Definitie en structuur ............................................................................................................................... 37
1.1. Theoretische definitie ............................................................................................................................................... 37
1.2. Structuur ................................................................................................................................................................... 37
2. Geschiedenis ............................................................................................................................................ 39
2.1. Eerste golf: kwantificatie van een algemeen niveau ................................................................................................. 39
2.2. Tweede golf: klinische proefanalyse ......................................................................................................................... 40
2.3. Derde golf: psychometrische proefanalyse ............................................................................................................... 40
2.4. Vierde golf: toepassing van theorie over intelligentiestructuur ............................................................................... 41
3. Erfelijkheid vs omgeving ........................................................................................................................... 41
3.1. Nature vs nurture ...................................................................................................................................................... 41
3.2. Erfelijkheid vs omgeving ............................................................................................................................................ 41
4. Groepsverschillen ..................................................................................................................................... 41
4.1. Generatie: Flynn-effect ............................................................................................................................................. 41
4.2. Leeftijd....................................................................................................................................................................... 42
4.3. Geslacht ..................................................................................................................................................................... 42
4.4. Bevolkingsgroepen .................................................................................................................................................... 42

H8: Crossculturele visie op intelligentie ...................................................................................................44
1. Begrip intelligentie: universeel of cultuurgebonden? ................................................................................ 44
2. Meten van intelligentie ............................................................................................................................ 44
2.1. Groepsverschillen in intelligentie .............................................................................................................................. 44
2.2. Intelligentie is cultuurgebonden ............................................................................................................................... 44

H9: Ontwikkelingspsychologie ................................................................................................................46
1. Introductie ............................................................................................................................................... 46
1.1. Een oriëntatie op de ontwikkelingspsychologie ........................................................................................................ 46
1.2. Theoretische perspectieven op ontwikkelingspsychologie ....................................................................................... 48

2

, H10: Cognitieve ontwikkeling van baby tot kleuter .................................................................................49
2. Cognitieve ontwikkeling volgens Piaget .................................................................................................... 49
2.1. Tendens tot adaptatie ............................................................................................................................................... 49
2.2. Tendens tot organisatie van cognitieve processen ................................................................................................... 49
2.3. Equilibrium tussen persoon en omgeving ................................................................................................................. 49
2.4. Cognitief schema ....................................................................................................................................................... 50
2.5. Kritische kijk .............................................................................................................................................................. 50
3. Cognitieve ontwikkeling in de babytijd = sensorimotorische stadium (geboorte – 2jaar) .......................... 51
3.1. Substadium 1: eenvoudige reflexen (0-1m) .............................................................................................................. 51
3.2. Substadium 2: primaire circulaire reacties (1-4m) .................................................................................................... 51
3.3. Substadium 3: secundaire circulaire reacties ............................................................................................................ 51
3.4. Substadium 4: coördinatie van secundaire circulaire reacties (8-12m) .................................................................... 52
3.5. Substadium 5: tertiaire circulaire reacties (12-18m) ................................................................................................. 52
3.6. Substadium 6: begin van denken .............................................................................................................................. 52
3.7. Individuele verschillen in intelligentie: is de ene baby slimmer dan de andere? ...................................................... 52
4. Cognitieve ontwikkeling in de peuter- en kleutertijd = pre-operationeel stadium (2-7jaar) ....................... 53
4.1. Kenmerken ................................................................................................................................................................ 53
4.2. Twee substadia.......................................................................................................................................................... 54
4.3. Vier onvolkomenheden in het pre-operationeel denken: ......................................................................................... 54

H11: Cognitieve ontwikkeling van kind tot oudere ..................................................................................56
5. Cognitieve ontwikkeling van kind tot oudere = concreet operationeel stadium (7-11jaar) ........................ 56
5.1. Concreet-operationeel stadium ................................................................................................................................ 56
5.2. Informatieverwerking in de schooltijd ...................................................................................................................... 56
6. Cognitieve ontwikkeling in de adolescentie = formeel operationeel stadium (>11 jaar) ............................ 57
6.1. Hypothetisch-deductief redeneren ........................................................................................................................... 57
6.2. Propositioneel denken .............................................................................................................................................. 57
6.3. De adolescent als middelpunt vh universum ............................................................................................................ 58
6.4. Gender en hoger onderwijs ....................................................................................................................................... 58
7. Cognitieve ontwikkeling in de volwassenheid = postformeel denken ........................................................ 58
7.1. Kenmerk 1: realiteitsbetrokken ................................................................................................................................. 58
7.2. Kenmerk 2: relativerend ............................................................................................................................................ 59
7.3. Kenmerk 3: persoonlijk geïntegreerd ........................................................................................................................ 59
7.4. Kenmerk 4: creatief ................................................................................................................................................... 59
8. Cognitieve ontwikkeling in de oudere volwassenheid ............................................................................... 59
8.1. Model 1: deficitmodel ............................................................................................................................................... 59
8.2. Model 2: rust-roestmodel (functietraining) .............................................................................................................. 59
8.3. Model 3: competentiemodel..................................................................................................................................... 60

H12: Sociale en persoonlijke ontwikkeling van baby tot kleuter ..............................................................61
9. Sociale en persoonlijkheidsontwikkeling in babytijd ................................................................................. 61
9.1. Basis van sociaal gedrag ............................................................................................................................................ 61
9.2. Sociale ontwikkeling .................................................................................................................................................. 62
9.3. Persoonlijkheidsontwikkeling .................................................................................................................................... 64
10. Sociale en persoonlijkheidsontwikkeling in peuter- en kleutertijd ........................................................ 66
10.1. Wie ben ik? ................................................................................................................................................................ 66
10.2. Vrienden en familie ................................................................................................................................................... 67
H13: Sociale en persoonlijke ontwikkeling bij kinderen en adolescenten .................................................68
11. Sociale en persoonlijkheidsontwikkeling in de schooltijd ...................................................................... 68
11.1. Ontwikkeling van het ‘ik’ ........................................................................................................................................... 68
11.2. Relaties: vriendschappen in schooltijd ...................................................................................................................... 70
11.3. Gender en vriendschap ............................................................................................................................................. 70

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