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Summary Grade 12 IEB Life science/biology strand 4 (Evolution): 4.4 & 4.5 (Hominid studies & Evolution in present times) $5.60
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Summary Grade 12 IEB Life science/biology strand 4 (Evolution): 4.4 & 4.5 (Hominid studies & Evolution in present times)

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  • Course
  • Life Sciences
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  • 12th Grade

This aesthetic, in-depth, neatly typed document summarises 4.4 & 4.5 of strand 4 (Evolution) of the IEB grade 12 mind action series textbook: Hominid studies & Evolution in present times. It includes the full 4.4 & 4.5 syllabus as well as additional class notes, own research notes and all relevant ...

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Document information

  • January 14, 2023
  • 17
  • 2022/2023
  • Summary

Subjects

  • ieb
  • matric
  • grade 12
  • life science
  • biology
  • aesthetic
  • neatly typed
  • strand 4
  • evolution
  • hominid studies
  • diagrams
  • summary
  • notes
  • 44
  • 45
  • evolution in present times

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  • 12th Grade
  • Life Sciences
  • 200
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Hominid studies:


Evidence that primates have common ancestor;

• Biogeographical evidence

• Primates have characteristics that are adaptation to arboreal way of life:

- Clavicle (collarbone) still present (supports hanging weight)

- long, slender limbs - rotate freely at shoulders & hips

- Mobile opposable thumbs - grasp & hold things

• Other characteristics all primates share:

- Enlarged & complex brain

- Forward-facing eyes

- Flat nails

- Low and rounded cusps on molar teeth

- Complex social behaviour (one offspring cared well for)

• Genetic evidence of common ancestor:

- Primates share 98,5% of DNA with chimpanzees and 93% with rhesus monkeys (therefore had

common ancestor at some stage)

- Have larger number of olfactory pseudo-receptor genes than non-primates (remnants of genes

that are no longer functional)

- Have full trichromatic colour vision (only found in primate order)



Sequence of human evolution:

• Humans belong to order primates. Divided into:

- Prosimians (lower primates eg. lemur, galago)

- Hominoidea eg. monkeys, african apes, humans (gave rise to hominidae family)

NOTE: Humans split from chimps 6 m.y.a

,Anthropoids (higher primates):

• Hominoids (great apes)

- Humans

- Chimpanzee

- Gorilla

- Orangutan

• Old & New world monkeys:

- Gibbon

- Baboon

- Monkey



Prosimians (lower primates):

- Tarsier

- Lemur

- Galago



Evidence for common ancestor for living hominids:

• Physical and genetic similarities shoe that homo sapiens closely resemble African Apes

• NB: Humans did not evolve from apes; the 2 groups evolved from a common ancestor 6 m.y.a

• Anatomical similarities:

- Upright posture

- Lack external tails

- Have freely rotating arms

- Have hands with opposable thumbs

- Flat nails

- Forward-facing eyes

- Low and rounded moalr cusps

- Colour vision

, - Sexually dimorphic



• Anatomical differences:

- Skeletal differences:

Apes have: Humans have:

~ Arms longer than legs ~ Arms shorter than legs

~ Long, curves fingers & toes ~ Short, straight fingers & toes

~ Divergent big toes ~ Thumbs can grasp objects

~ Large, elongated hipbones ~ Short, broad pelvis

~ Bow-shaped spine (c-curved) ~ Longer femurs, set further apart at hips (slanted)

~ Feet have strong heel, convergent big toe

~ S-curved spine

- Brain differences:

~ Human brain: 1400 cc

~ Chimp brain; 395 cc

~ Human hands have more dexterity

~ Humans used and controlled fire

~ Humans used developed language



- Skull differences:

~ Humans don't have brow ridge

~ Foramen magnum is located under human skull, unlike ape skulls where it is at the rear (cause

of bipedalism in humans)

~ Humans have large brain case, small jaw. Apes have the opposite

~ Humans have small canine teeth. Apes have large and pointed canines & diastema (space for

canines to overlap other teeth)

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