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Summary OCR A Level Geography Future of Food 3.a
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Notes that are compiled from both classwork as well as the textbook. Got an A* at A Level Geography
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3.a Risks to Food Security can be identified to highlight the mostvulnerable societies
What is the current state of food insecurity? Is there a variation between LIDCs
and ACs?
795 million people were hungry in 2015
98% of these people live in LIDCs
SDG 2 is to end hunger and achieve food security
What groups of people are most at risk of food insecurity?
1. Rural dwellers e.g. landless agricultural labourers
75% of hungry people live in rural areas, mainly villages in
Asia and Africa
Those who are dependent on agriculture for wages and have
no alternative income- therefore when crops fail, economic
access to food is suddenly and severely limited
Worse in areas with erratic rainfall and where physical
conditions are worsening: this decreases the stability of yield
outputs and therefore economic access and food security
2. Farmers
50% of hungry people are from small scale farming
communities
They are dependent upon crop yields (i.e. subsistence
farming) for their food- effects are worsened in land prone to
drought and flooding
3. Children
146 million children in LIDCs are underweight due to hunger
4. Women
Despite being the primary food producers in many LIDCs
(80%-90% in sub Saharan Africa), women are more affected
by hunger and poverty than men. This is because women’s
work is underpaid, they don’t own the land and therefore
don’t earn money from their work, women invest 90% of their
income into their family compared to men’s 40%, cultures
and traditions (e.g. childhood marriage) which curb their
potential and make them dependent on men
the emancipation of women will help this achieved through
gender equality
Consequently has an impact on mortality rates during
childbirth and low birth-weight children
The global pattern of food security is complex and everchanging
Global scale undernourishment decreased from 1990 to 2016, from 18.6% to
10.9%
Key features
, o There are both countries and regions where food insecurity remains a
prevalent issue e.g. Sudan, Sub-Saharan Africa
o There are widespread differences between regions
o There are differences within regions: despite improvements in places like
southern Asia there remain significant pockets of food insecurity within
these regions
e.g. within Asia, 15.7% of Southern Asia’s was undernourished in
2016, whereas it was 7% in Central Asia
e.g. within Latin America and the Caribbean, 19.8% of the
Caribbean’s population was undernourished compared to less than
5% for Latin America
o There are differences within countries
e.g. inequality within countries- affects the type of food that can be
bought (food utilisation) and stability over time due to less
resilience to shocks such as due to the Covid-19 pandemic, war in
Ukraine, cost of living squeeze- increased use of Trussel Trust
foodbanks
Improvements in food security have been especially slow in sub–Saharan Africa
and southern Asia
What is the situation in northern Africa?
Countries such as Tunisia, Algeria , Egypt and Morocco
Food insecurity is close to being eradicated
HOWEVER, the situation is fragile as government subsidies are what has kept the
food prices low. In the long term, this food security is therefore unsustainable
Furthermore, food nutrition is a concern- increasing number of overweight
people and obesity issues
What factors can contribute to food insecurity?
Natural disasters
e.g. Nepal earthquake April 2015
o 7.8 mW earthquake
o 35 million people were in need of emergency food aid
o In the worst affected areas, 80% of households lost their entire stock
o Many farmers missed growing season for rice- the staple crop of the
country
o Seed losses had a major impact as trade is a main source of income for
many households
Political instability- civil war- conflict
e.g. Syria, since March 2011
o Over 50% of the population has fled their homes- displacement leads to a
lack of consistency of where food is going to be sourced from, inconsistent
income
o 9.8 million people are in need of food and agriculture assistance
o Food prices are varying dramatically e.g. rice prices can increase by up to
403%
COVID-19 pandemic
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