An in depth summary of all the BCM 257 content you will need to know. This includes information from lecture slides, textbooks, as well as lectures. This study material can be used solely to study from and from this you can get a distinction.
‐ A high degree of complexity and organisation
‐ The extraction, transformation, and systematic use of energy to create and maintain
structures and to do work
‐ The interactions of individual components being dynamic and co-ordinated
The ability to sense and respond to changes in surroundings
A capacity for fairly precise self-replication while allowing enough change for evolution
CELL: THE UNIVERSAL BUILDING BLOCK
‐ Living organisms are made of cells
‐ The simplest living organisms are unicellular (single-celled)
‐ Larger organisms are multicellular (many-celled), with different functions for different cells
‐ Cells have some common features but can contain unique components for different
organism
LIVING SYSTEMS EXTRACT ENERGY
‐ From sunlight
• Plants
• Green bacteria
• Cyanobacteria
‐ From fuels
• Animals
• Most bacteria
‐ Energy input is needed in order maintain life
, CIS VS. TRANS
ENANTIOMERS AND DIASTEREOMERS
, INTERACTIONS BETWEEN BIOMOLECULES ARE SPECIFIC
‐ Macromolecules fold into 3D structures with unique binding pockets
‐ Only certain molecules fit in well and can bind
‐ Binding of chiral biomolecules is stereospecific
, ORGANISMS PERFORM ENERGY TRANSDUCTIONS TO ACCOMPLISH WORK TO
STAY ALIVE
‐ Living organisms exist in a dynamic steady state and are never at equilibrium with their
surroundings
‐ Energy coupling allows living organisms to transform matter into energy
‐ Biological catalysts reduce energy requirement for reactions while offering specificity
‐ As the entropy of the universe increase, creating and maintaining order requires work and
energy
HOW TO SPEED REACTIONS UP
‐ Higher temperatures
• Stability of macromolecules is limiting
‐ Higher concentration of reactants
• Costly, as more valuable starting material is needed
‐ Changing the reaction by coupling to a fast one
• Universally used by living organisms
‐ Lower activation barrier by catalysis
• Universally used by living organisms
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