SAMENVATTING POLITICOLOGIE
IBDS
SLIDES ZIJN BELANGRIJK, ALLES IN HET GROEN STAAT NIET IN HET BOEK
EXAMENVRAGEN KOMEN VAN SLIDES, COMBINATIE MET BOEK
Contents
1. Politiek en politieke wetenschap........................................................................................................6
1.1 Belang van politiek........................................................................................................................6
1.2 Variaties in politiek.......................................................................................................................7
1.2.1 Territorium............................................................................................................................7
1.2.2 Cultureel................................................................................................................................7
1.2.3 Vormen..................................................................................................................................8
1.3 Wat doet een politicoloog?..........................................................................................................8
1.4 Politieke wetenschap....................................................................................................................9
1.5 Instrumenten van (politieke) wetenschap..................................................................................10
1.5.1 Concepten............................................................................................................................10
1.5.2 Modellen..............................................................................................................................10
1.5.3 Theorieën.............................................................................................................................11
2. Staat en macht..................................................................................................................................11
2.1 Bindende regels..........................................................................................................................11
2.2 Grondwet....................................................................................................................................12
2.3 Macht.........................................................................................................................................14
2.3.1 Agenda-settingmacht...........................................................................................................16
2.4 Macht van de overheid...............................................................................................................17
2.5 Oorsprong van politiek en staat (= Politieke filosofie)................................................................17
2.6 Plato............................................................................................................................................18
2.7 Aristoteles...................................................................................................................................18
2.8 Thomas Hobbes..........................................................................................................................18
3. Breuklijnen en ideologieën...............................................................................................................18
3.1 Politiek = conflict........................................................................................................................18
3.2 Wat zijn breuklijnen?..................................................................................................................19
3.3 Verzuiling....................................................................................................................................19
3.4 Historische wortels breuklijnen..................................................................................................20
3.4.1 Natie- en staatsvorming.......................................................................................................20
3.4.2 Industriële revolutie.............................................................................................................20
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, 3.5 Gevolgen van breuklijnen...........................................................................................................21
3.6 Bevrozen breuklijnen..................................................................................................................21
3.7 Breuklijnen in België...................................................................................................................22
3.8 Breuklijnen, conflicten en protest in België................................................................................22
3.9 Doorkruisende breuklijnen.........................................................................................................23
3.10 Een nieuwe breuklijn................................................................................................................23
3.11 Scholingsniveau als basis..........................................................................................................24
3.12 Ideologie...................................................................................................................................24
3.13 Liberalisme...............................................................................................................................25
3.14 Conservatisme..........................................................................................................................26
3.15 Socialisme.................................................................................................................................26
3.16 Christen-democratie.................................................................................................................27
3.17 Ecologisme................................................................................................................................27
3.18 Rechts-populisme.....................................................................................................................27
4. Democratie en vertegenwoordiging.................................................................................................28
4.1 Democratie = omstreden concept..............................................................................................28
4.2 Dikke en dunne definities...........................................................................................................28
4.2.1 Macht gaat uit van het volk.................................................................................................29
4.2.2 Macht volgt regels...............................................................................................................29
4.2.3 Individuele vrijheidsrechten van burgers.............................................................................29
4.3 Dahl’s polyarchie........................................................................................................................30
4.3.1 7 kemerken van democratie................................................................................................30
4.3.2 Drie kenmerken compatibel?...............................................................................................30
4.3.3 Variaties in democratie........................................................................................................30
4.4 Werkt democratie beter?...........................................................................................................31
4.5 Vertegenwoordigende democratie.............................................................................................31
4.6 Verkiezeingen en vertegenwoordiging.......................................................................................32
4.7 2 visies op representatie.............................................................................................................32
4.8 Politieke partijen.........................................................................................................................33
4.9 Discussie partijmodel..................................................................................................................34
4.10 Complicaties van vertegenwoordiging......................................................................................34
4.11 Territoriale of inhoudelijke vertegenwoordiging......................................................................35
4.12 Afspiegeling..............................................................................................................................35
4.13 Directe democratie...................................................................................................................35
4.14 Referenda.................................................................................................................................36
5. Politieke participatie en sociale bewegingen....................................................................................36
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, 5.1 Participatie..................................................................................................................................36
5.1.1 Definitie...............................................................................................................................36
5.1.2 Soorten participatie.............................................................................................................36
5.1.3 Invloed non-conventionele participatie...............................................................................37
5.1.4 Veranderende visie op participatie......................................................................................37
5.1.5 Ongelijke participatie...........................................................................................................38
5.1.6 Dalende participatie.............................................................................................................38
5.2 Sociale bewegingen en pressiegroepen......................................................................................39
5.3 Impact van het middenveld?......................................................................................................40
5.3.1 Twee manieren van omgaan met het middenveld..............................................................40
5.3.2 Recentere evoluties.............................................................................................................42
5.4 Participatie en democratie..........................................................................................................42
5.5 Politieke cultuur..........................................................................................................................43
5.6 The civic culture – Almond en Verba..........................................................................................43
5.7 Kritiek op Almond en Verba........................................................................................................43
5.8 Sociaal kapitaal...........................................................................................................................43
6. Politieke partijen en partijsystemen.................................................................................................44
6.1 Partijen.......................................................................................................................................44
6.1.1 Kaderpartijen en massapartijen...........................................................................................45
6.1.2 Volkspartij of catch-all party................................................................................................46
6.1.3 Kartelpartij (modern kaderpartij).........................................................................................47
6.2 Typologieën................................................................................................................................49
6.2.1 Typologie op basis van organisatie......................................................................................49
6.2.2 Typologie op basis van ideologie.........................................................................................50
6.2.3 Typologie op basis van strategie..........................................................................................50
6.3 Partijsystemen............................................................................................................................51
7. Kiessystemen en stemgedrag...........................................................................................................53
7.1 Belang van verkiezingen.............................................................................................................53
7.1.1 Gevolg..................................................................................................................................53
7.2 Wie mag er stemmen?................................................................................................................54
7.3 Plicht, recht, registratie?.............................................................................................................55
7.4 Selectie van kandidaten..............................................................................................................56
7.5 Verkiezingstechnieken................................................................................................................56
7.5.1 Uninominaal – relatieve meerderheid.................................................................................57
7.5.2 Plurinominaal – relatieve meerderheid...............................................................................57
7.5.3 Absolute meerderheid.........................................................................................................57
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, 7.5.4 Proportioneel kiesstelsel......................................................................................................58
7.6 Welke kandidaten zijn verkozen?...............................................................................................59
7.7 Gevolgen van kiessystemen........................................................................................................59
7.8 Stemgedrag.................................................................................................................................60
8. Parlement en regering......................................................................................................................61
8.1 Scheiding der machten...............................................................................................................61
8.2 Parlement en kamers..................................................................................................................63
8.2.1 Voordelen van bicameralisme.............................................................................................63
8.3 Functies van het parlement........................................................................................................65
8.3.1 Representatie......................................................................................................................65
8.3.2 Wetgeving............................................................................................................................66
8.3.3 Deliberatie...........................................................................................................................66
8.3.4 Controle...............................................................................................................................67
8.4 Parlement en regering................................................................................................................67
8.5 Parlementair vs. presidentieel regime........................................................................................67
8.5.1 Macht en blokkade..............................................................................................................67
8.6 Vorming van de regering............................................................................................................68
8.7 Staatshoofd en regering.............................................................................................................68
8.8 Leden van de regering................................................................................................................69
9. Bestuur en beleid..............................................................................................................................69
9.1 Beleid..........................................................................................................................................69
9.1.1 Beleidscyclus........................................................................................................................70
9.1.2 Agendavorming....................................................................................................................70
9.1.3 Beleidsvoorbereiding...........................................................................................................71
9.1.4 Besluitvorming.....................................................................................................................71
9.1.5 Beleidsuitvoering.................................................................................................................73
9.1.6 Beleidsevaluatie...................................................................................................................73
9.2 Stijlen van bestuur......................................................................................................................73
9.2.1 Economisch beleid...............................................................................................................74
10. Administratie en justitie.................................................................................................................75
10.1 Einde van beleidscyclus............................................................................................................75
10.2 Administratie............................................................................................................................75
10.2.1 Bureaucratie......................................................................................................................75
10.2.2 Voor- en nadelen bureaucratie..........................................................................................76
10.2.3 Taakverdeling in administratie...........................................................................................76
10.2.4 New Public Management...................................................................................................77
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