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SOCIOLOGIE
Inhoud
Thema 1: De sociologische benadering.....................................................................................................................6
1.1 Inleiding: niet iedereen leeft even lang...........................................................................................................6
1.2 De sociologische verbeelding..........................................................................................................................6
10.1 De ontstaansvoorwaarden............................................................................................................................6
1. Inleiding.............................................................................................................................................................7
1.1 Historische achtergrond van de sociologie.................................................................................................7
1.2 Grondleggers van de sociologie..................................................................................................................8
2. Aanverwante disciplines....................................................................................................................................8
2.1 Psychologie..................................................................................................................................................8
2.2 Sociale psychologie.....................................................................................................................................8
2.3 Culturele antropologie................................................................................................................................8
2.4 Sociobiologie...............................................................................................................................................9
3. Sociologische verbeelding.................................................................................................................................9
Thema 2: Het terrein van de sociologie..................................................................................................................10
1. Definitie sociologie..........................................................................................................................................10
1.1 Omschrijving..............................................................................................................................................10
1.2 Analyse van de definitie sociologie...........................................................................................................10
2. Gedrag.............................................................................................................................................................10
2.1 Objectief en subjectief waarneembare dimensie.....................................................................................10
2.2 Gedrag is voorspelbaar..............................................................................................................................10
3. Interactie.........................................................................................................................................................11
3.1 Wat is interactie?......................................................................................................................................11
3.2 Basisvormen van interactie.......................................................................................................................11
3.3 On-evenwicht in interacties:.....................................................................................................................12
4. De omgeving....................................................................................................................................................14
6. Maatschappelijke organisatie.........................................................................................................................14
Thema 3: Stromingen in de sociologie....................................................................................................................15
3.1 Inleiding.........................................................................................................................................................15
3.2 Inhoudelijke richtingen..................................................................................................................................15
3.2.1 Structuralisme........................................................................................................................................15
3.2.2 Sociologie van het sociaal handelen......................................................................................................17
3.2.3 Symbolisch interactionisme...................................................................................................................17
3.3 Methodologische richtingen.........................................................................................................................18
Pagina 1 van 64
, 3.3.1 De positivistische methode....................................................................................................................18
3.3.2 De interpretatieve methode..................................................................................................................18
3.3.3 De functionalistische benadering...........................................................................................................19
Thema 4: Cultuur.....................................................................................................................................................20
1. Wat is cultuur..................................................................................................................................................20
2. Cultuur bestaat uit een aantal elementen......................................................................................................20
2.1 Verwachtingen..........................................................................................................................................20
2.2 Doelen.......................................................................................................................................................21
2.3 Kenniscomponent en situationele component.........................................................................................21
2.4 Normen en waarden.................................................................................................................................21
3. Cultuur wordt door groeperingen gedragen...................................................................................................22
3.1 Cultuurpatroon..........................................................................................................................................22
3.2 Dominante cultuur, subcultuur, contracultuur.........................................................................................23
4. Cultuur kent een zekere dwingendheid..........................................................................................................23
4.1 Cultuur en tijd............................................................................................................................................23
4.2 Cultuur en ruimte......................................................................................................................................23
Thema 5: Sociale structuur......................................................................................................................................25
1. Wat is een sociale structuur............................................................................................................................25
2. Componenten van een sociale structuur........................................................................................................25
2.1 Positionele dimensie.................................................................................................................................25
2.2 Culturele dimensie....................................................................................................................................25
3. Groeperingen, kenmerken en soorten............................................................................................................27
3.1 Sociale groeperingen.................................................................................................................................27
3.2 Kenmerken en groeperingen.....................................................................................................................27
3.3 De indeling van MERTON..........................................................................................................................28
3.4 Netwerken.................................................................................................................................................29
3.5 Referentiegroeperingen............................................................................................................................29
4. Structurele effecten.........................................................................................................................................29
4.1 Het bovenindividuele karakter van de sociale structuur..........................................................................29
4.2 Vormen van structurele effecten..............................................................................................................29
Thema 6: Sociale stratificatie..................................................................................................................................31
1. Inleiding...........................................................................................................................................................31
2. Ontwikkeling van sociale stratificatie..............................................................................................................31
2.1 Sociale verschillen.....................................................................................................................................31
2.2 Van sociale differentiatie tot sociale uitsluiting........................................................................................31
3. Geschiedenis van de sociale stratificatie........................................................................................................32
3.1 Van universele beginselen naar particuliere criteria................................................................................32
Pagina 2 van 64
, 3.2 Traditionele samenlevingen met standen en kasten................................................................................32
3.3 Moderne samenlevingen met klassen......................................................................................................33
3.4 Hedendaagse evolutie – ontwikkelingen..................................................................................................33
4. Benaderingswijzen van sociale stratificatie....................................................................................................34
4.1 Het functionalisme....................................................................................................................................34
4.2 Karl Marx (1818-1883)..............................................................................................................................35
4.3 Max Weber (1864-1920)...........................................................................................................................36
5. Sociale ongelijkheid.........................................................................................................................................36
5.1 Diverse vormen van ongelijkheid..............................................................................................................36
6. Sociale mobiliteit.............................................................................................................................................38
6.1 Het begrip sociale mobiliteit.....................................................................................................................38
6.2 Omvang en ontwikkeling van sociale mobiliteit.......................................................................................38
6.3 Determinanten van sociale mobiliteit.......................................................................................................39
Thema 7: Afwijkend gedrag....................................................................................................................................40
1. Inleiding...........................................................................................................................................................40
2. Sociale controle versus afwijkend gedrag.......................................................................................................40
3. De functionalistische benadering....................................................................................................................41
4. Theorieën ter verklaring van afwijkend gedrag..............................................................................................41
4.1 Anomietheorie -- Durkheim......................................................................................................................41
4.2 Anomietheorie -- Merton..........................................................................................................................41
4.3 Differentiële associatietheorie – Sutherland............................................................................................41
4.4 Delinquente subcultuurtheorie -- Cohen..................................................................................................42
4.5 Sociale controletheorie -- Hirsch NIET KENNEN........................................................................................42
4.5 Labelling of etekitteertheorie -- Becker....................................................................................................42
Thema 8: Institutionalisering..................................................................................................................................43
1. De institutie als vorm van collectief georganiseerd gedrag............................................................................43
1.1 Situering....................................................................................................................................................43
1.2 Wat is een institutie?.................................................................................................................................43
1.3 Kenmerken van instituties.........................................................................................................................43
1.4 Onderscheid institutie/instelling...............................................................................................................44
1.5 Primaire en secundaire instituties.............................................................................................................44
1.6 Taal als kernsituatie...................................................................................................................................44
2. Het institutionaliseringsproces........................................................................................................................44
2.1 Het dynamische karakter: wisselwerking cultuur en sociale structuur....................................................44
2.2 Het experiment van Mereï........................................................................................................................44
2.3 Institutionalisering is een proces..............................................................................................................45
2.4 Illustratie institutionaliseringsproces: de plaats en rol van grootouders in relatie tot kleinkinderen.....45
Pagina 3 van 64
, 3. De dwang van institutionele regelingen.........................................................................................................45
3.1 Sociale controle als stabiliserend mechanisme........................................................................................45
3.2 Geïnstitutionaliseerd gedrag als vorm van sociale controle.....................................................................45
3.3 De totale (gulzige) institutie......................................................................................................................45
4. Functionalistische benadering van instituties.................................................................................................46
4.1 Functies.....................................................................................................................................................46
4.2 Dysfuncties................................................................................................................................................46
5. Het gezin als institutie.....................................................................................................................................46
5.1 Waarom een institutie?.............................................................................................................................46
5.2 Gezinsvormen............................................................................................................................................46
5.3 Functies en functieverschuivingen van het gezin als primaire institutie..................................................47
1. Institutionalisatie.............................................................................................................................................48
1.1 Omschrijving..............................................................................................................................................48
1.2 Ontstaan van instituties............................................................................................................................49
1.3 De voortzetting in de tijd van instituties...................................................................................................50
Thema 9: Socialisering.............................................................................................................................................51
1. Wat is socialisatie?..........................................................................................................................................51
1.1 Situering....................................................................................................................................................51
1.2 Omschrijving..............................................................................................................................................51
1.3 Socialisatie als continu proces...................................................................................................................51
1.4 Momenten in het socialisatieproces.........................................................................................................52
2. Socialisatie vanuit het perspectief van de maatschappij................................................................................52
2.1 Culturele reproductie................................................................................................................................52
2.2 Functies van socialisatie............................................................................................................................53
3. Socialisatie vanuit het perspectief van het individu.......................................................................................53
3.1 Socialisatie volgens Mead.........................................................................................................................53
3.2 Het gezin als primaire socialisatiebewerker..............................................................................................54
3.3 Secundaire socialisatie..............................................................................................................................54
3.4 Tertiaire socialisatie...................................................................................................................................55
4. Differentiële socialisatie..................................................................................................................................55
4.1 Gezin..........................................................................................................................................................55
4.2 Sociale klasse.............................................................................................................................................56
4.3 Geslacht.....................................................................................................................................................56
4.4 Leeftijd.......................................................................................................................................................56
5. Resocialisatie...................................................................................................................................................57
5.1 Resocialisatie.............................................................................................................................................57
5.2 Anticiperende socialisatie.........................................................................................................................57
Pagina 4 van 64
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