Sociologie samenvatting eerste jaar bachelor sociaal werk
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Course
Sociologie
Institution
Arteveldehogeschool (Artevelde)
Book
Sociologie, een inleiding
Deze samenvatting bevat alle te kennen leerstof van september tot januari. Deze leerstof komt grotendeels uit de zelfgemaakte cursus van de docenten, er is bijkomende informatie vanuit het handboek in de samenvatting te vinden.
Deze samenvatting is voornamelijk voor de Artevelde studenten die de s...
SOCIOLOGIE
Inhoud
Thema 1: De sociologische benadering.....................................................................................................................6
1.1 Inleiding: niet iedereen leeft even lang...........................................................................................................6
1.2 De sociologische verbeelding..........................................................................................................................6
10.1 De ontstaansvoorwaarden............................................................................................................................6
1. Inleiding.............................................................................................................................................................7
1.1 Historische achtergrond van de sociologie.................................................................................................7
1.2 Grondleggers van de sociologie..................................................................................................................8
2. Aanverwante disciplines....................................................................................................................................8
2.1 Psychologie..................................................................................................................................................8
2.2 Sociale psychologie.....................................................................................................................................8
2.3 Culturele antropologie................................................................................................................................8
2.4 Sociobiologie...............................................................................................................................................9
3. Sociologische verbeelding.................................................................................................................................9
Thema 2: Het terrein van de sociologie..................................................................................................................10
1. Definitie sociologie..........................................................................................................................................10
1.1 Omschrijving..............................................................................................................................................10
1.2 Analyse van de definitie sociologie...........................................................................................................10
2. Gedrag.............................................................................................................................................................10
2.1 Objectief en subjectief waarneembare dimensie.....................................................................................10
2.2 Gedrag is voorspelbaar..............................................................................................................................10
3. Interactie.........................................................................................................................................................11
3.1 Wat is interactie?......................................................................................................................................11
3.2 Basisvormen van interactie.......................................................................................................................11
3.3 On-evenwicht in interacties:.....................................................................................................................12
4. De omgeving....................................................................................................................................................14
6. Maatschappelijke organisatie.........................................................................................................................14
Thema 3: Stromingen in de sociologie....................................................................................................................15
3.1 Inleiding.........................................................................................................................................................15
3.2 Inhoudelijke richtingen..................................................................................................................................15
3.2.1 Structuralisme........................................................................................................................................15
3.2.2 Sociologie van het sociaal handelen......................................................................................................17
3.2.3 Symbolisch interactionisme...................................................................................................................17
3.3 Methodologische richtingen.........................................................................................................................18
Pagina 1 van 64
, 3.3.1 De positivistische methode....................................................................................................................18
3.3.2 De interpretatieve methode..................................................................................................................18
3.3.3 De functionalistische benadering...........................................................................................................19
Thema 4: Cultuur.....................................................................................................................................................20
1. Wat is cultuur..................................................................................................................................................20
2. Cultuur bestaat uit een aantal elementen......................................................................................................20
2.1 Verwachtingen..........................................................................................................................................20
2.2 Doelen.......................................................................................................................................................21
2.3 Kenniscomponent en situationele component.........................................................................................21
2.4 Normen en waarden.................................................................................................................................21
3. Cultuur wordt door groeperingen gedragen...................................................................................................22
3.1 Cultuurpatroon..........................................................................................................................................22
3.2 Dominante cultuur, subcultuur, contracultuur.........................................................................................23
4. Cultuur kent een zekere dwingendheid..........................................................................................................23
4.1 Cultuur en tijd............................................................................................................................................23
4.2 Cultuur en ruimte......................................................................................................................................23
Thema 5: Sociale structuur......................................................................................................................................25
1. Wat is een sociale structuur............................................................................................................................25
2. Componenten van een sociale structuur........................................................................................................25
2.1 Positionele dimensie.................................................................................................................................25
2.2 Culturele dimensie....................................................................................................................................25
3. Groeperingen, kenmerken en soorten............................................................................................................27
3.1 Sociale groeperingen.................................................................................................................................27
3.2 Kenmerken en groeperingen.....................................................................................................................27
3.3 De indeling van MERTON..........................................................................................................................28
3.4 Netwerken.................................................................................................................................................29
3.5 Referentiegroeperingen............................................................................................................................29
4. Structurele effecten.........................................................................................................................................29
4.1 Het bovenindividuele karakter van de sociale structuur..........................................................................29
4.2 Vormen van structurele effecten..............................................................................................................29
Thema 6: Sociale stratificatie..................................................................................................................................31
1. Inleiding...........................................................................................................................................................31
2. Ontwikkeling van sociale stratificatie..............................................................................................................31
2.1 Sociale verschillen.....................................................................................................................................31
2.2 Van sociale differentiatie tot sociale uitsluiting........................................................................................31
3. Geschiedenis van de sociale stratificatie........................................................................................................32
3.1 Van universele beginselen naar particuliere criteria................................................................................32
Pagina 2 van 64
, 3.2 Traditionele samenlevingen met standen en kasten................................................................................32
3.3 Moderne samenlevingen met klassen......................................................................................................33
3.4 Hedendaagse evolutie – ontwikkelingen..................................................................................................33
4. Benaderingswijzen van sociale stratificatie....................................................................................................34
4.1 Het functionalisme....................................................................................................................................34
4.2 Karl Marx (1818-1883)..............................................................................................................................35
4.3 Max Weber (1864-1920)...........................................................................................................................36
5. Sociale ongelijkheid.........................................................................................................................................36
5.1 Diverse vormen van ongelijkheid..............................................................................................................36
6. Sociale mobiliteit.............................................................................................................................................38
6.1 Het begrip sociale mobiliteit.....................................................................................................................38
6.2 Omvang en ontwikkeling van sociale mobiliteit.......................................................................................38
6.3 Determinanten van sociale mobiliteit.......................................................................................................39
Thema 7: Afwijkend gedrag....................................................................................................................................40
1. Inleiding...........................................................................................................................................................40
2. Sociale controle versus afwijkend gedrag.......................................................................................................40
3. De functionalistische benadering....................................................................................................................41
4. Theorieën ter verklaring van afwijkend gedrag..............................................................................................41
4.1 Anomietheorie -- Durkheim......................................................................................................................41
4.2 Anomietheorie -- Merton..........................................................................................................................41
4.3 Differentiële associatietheorie – Sutherland............................................................................................41
4.4 Delinquente subcultuurtheorie -- Cohen..................................................................................................42
4.5 Sociale controletheorie -- Hirsch NIET KENNEN........................................................................................42
4.5 Labelling of etekitteertheorie -- Becker....................................................................................................42
Thema 8: Institutionalisering..................................................................................................................................43
1. De institutie als vorm van collectief georganiseerd gedrag............................................................................43
1.1 Situering....................................................................................................................................................43
1.2 Wat is een institutie?.................................................................................................................................43
1.3 Kenmerken van instituties.........................................................................................................................43
1.4 Onderscheid institutie/instelling...............................................................................................................44
1.5 Primaire en secundaire instituties.............................................................................................................44
1.6 Taal als kernsituatie...................................................................................................................................44
2. Het institutionaliseringsproces........................................................................................................................44
2.1 Het dynamische karakter: wisselwerking cultuur en sociale structuur....................................................44
2.2 Het experiment van Mereï........................................................................................................................44
2.3 Institutionalisering is een proces..............................................................................................................45
2.4 Illustratie institutionaliseringsproces: de plaats en rol van grootouders in relatie tot kleinkinderen.....45
Pagina 3 van 64
, 3. De dwang van institutionele regelingen.........................................................................................................45
3.1 Sociale controle als stabiliserend mechanisme........................................................................................45
3.2 Geïnstitutionaliseerd gedrag als vorm van sociale controle.....................................................................45
3.3 De totale (gulzige) institutie......................................................................................................................45
4. Functionalistische benadering van instituties.................................................................................................46
4.1 Functies.....................................................................................................................................................46
4.2 Dysfuncties................................................................................................................................................46
5. Het gezin als institutie.....................................................................................................................................46
5.1 Waarom een institutie?.............................................................................................................................46
5.2 Gezinsvormen............................................................................................................................................46
5.3 Functies en functieverschuivingen van het gezin als primaire institutie..................................................47
1. Institutionalisatie.............................................................................................................................................48
1.1 Omschrijving..............................................................................................................................................48
1.2 Ontstaan van instituties............................................................................................................................49
1.3 De voortzetting in de tijd van instituties...................................................................................................50
Thema 9: Socialisering.............................................................................................................................................51
1. Wat is socialisatie?..........................................................................................................................................51
1.1 Situering....................................................................................................................................................51
1.2 Omschrijving..............................................................................................................................................51
1.3 Socialisatie als continu proces...................................................................................................................51
1.4 Momenten in het socialisatieproces.........................................................................................................52
2. Socialisatie vanuit het perspectief van de maatschappij................................................................................52
2.1 Culturele reproductie................................................................................................................................52
2.2 Functies van socialisatie............................................................................................................................53
3. Socialisatie vanuit het perspectief van het individu.......................................................................................53
3.1 Socialisatie volgens Mead.........................................................................................................................53
3.2 Het gezin als primaire socialisatiebewerker..............................................................................................54
3.3 Secundaire socialisatie..............................................................................................................................54
3.4 Tertiaire socialisatie...................................................................................................................................55
4. Differentiële socialisatie..................................................................................................................................55
4.1 Gezin..........................................................................................................................................................55
4.2 Sociale klasse.............................................................................................................................................56
4.3 Geslacht.....................................................................................................................................................56
4.4 Leeftijd.......................................................................................................................................................56
5. Resocialisatie...................................................................................................................................................57
5.1 Resocialisatie.............................................................................................................................................57
5.2 Anticiperende socialisatie.........................................................................................................................57
Pagina 4 van 64
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