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Samenvatting Computersystemen 2 - Theorie

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Theorie computersystemen 2 van periode 1 en 2 aan kdg - toegepaste informatica. Aanvullingen aan theorie met eigen notities van tijdens de les. Inclusief verwijzingen naar antwoorden op voorbeeld examenvragen op het einde van elk hoofdstuk.

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  • January 17, 2023
  • 105
  • 2022/2023
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KDG | 2022-23

,Inhoudsopgave

1.1 Inleiding .................................................................................................................................................... 5

1.1.1 Wat is een besturingssysteem? ................................................................................................................. 5

1.2 herhaling computersystemen 1 ................................................................................................................. 5

1.2.1 Grootheden ................................................................................................................................................ 5

1.2.2 Harvard architectuur ................................................................................................................................. 7

1.2.3 Von Neumann architectuur ....................................................................................................................... 8

1.2.4 RAM geheugen .......................................................................................................................................... 8

1.2.5 Registers .................................................................................................................................................... 9
1.2.5.1 Voorbeeld Intel 8086 ......................................................................................................................... 9

1.3 Booting ................................................................................................................................................... 10

1.3.1 Voorbeeld x86 .......................................................................................................................................... 11

1.3.2 BIOS HAL .................................................................................................................................................. 11

1.3.3 Laden van OS ........................................................................................................................................... 12

1.3.4 MBR lab ................................................................................................................................................... 13

1.3.5 UEFI.......................................................................................................................................................... 14

1.3.6 Booting lab............................................................................................................................................... 15

1.4 I/O output ............................................................................................................................................... 15

1.4.1 Het beeldscherm ...................................................................................................................................... 15

1.4.2 Het scherm ............................................................................................................................................... 15

1.5 Voorbeelden van examenvragen ............................................................................................................. 19

2.1 I/O beheer .............................................................................................................................................. 20

2.1.1 Input en output ........................................................................................................................................ 20
2.1.1.1 Toetsenbord..................................................................................................................................... 20
2.1.1.2 HDD .................................................................................................................................................. 23
2.1.1.3 DMA ................................................................................................................................................. 23

2.1.2 HDD vs SSD .............................................................................................................................................. 24
2.1.2.1 HDD .................................................................................................................................................. 24
2.1.2.2 SSD ................................................................................................................................................... 25

2.1.3 RAID ......................................................................................................................................................... 26
2.1.3.1 RAID-0 (striping) ............................................................................................................................... 27
2.1.3.2 RAID-1 (mirroring)............................................................................................................................ 28
2.1.3.3 RAID-3 .............................................................................................................................................. 28
2.1.3.4 RAID-5 .............................................................................................................................................. 29
2.1.3.5 RAID-6 .............................................................................................................................................. 30



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, 2.1.3.6 Nested/Hybrid RAID ......................................................................................................................... 30
2.1.3.7 Cashing ............................................................................................................................................. 30
2.1.3.8 Geen vervanging voor back-up ........................................................................................................ 31
2.1.3.9 Commands ....................................................................................................................................... 31

2.1.4 Logical volume management................................................................................................................... 32

2.2 Bestandsbeheer ...................................................................................................................................... 32

2.2.1 Inleiding ................................................................................................................................................... 32
2.2.1.1 File management ............................................................................................................................. 32
2.2.1.2 Bestandsattributen .......................................................................................................................... 32
2.2.1.3 Taken ............................................................................................................................................... 33
2.2.1.4 Interne fragmentatie ....................................................................................................................... 33
2.2.1.5 Externe fragmentatie ....................................................................................................................... 34
2.2.1.6 De allocation table ........................................................................................................................... 34

2.2.2 FAT ........................................................................................................................................................... 35
2.2.2.1 FAT 12, 16, 32 ........................................................................................................................... 35
2.2.2.2 FAT ............................................................................................................................................ 36

2.2.3 Unix file system ........................................................................................................................................ 37
2.2.3.1 Unix inodes ...................................................................................................................................... 37
2.2.3.2 I-nodes ............................................................................................................................................. 39
2.2.3.3 Blokgrootte filesysteem ................................................................................................................... 39

2.2.4 ZFS & Btrfs ............................................................................................................................................... 40

2.3 Voorbeeld examenvragen ....................................................................................................................... 40

3.1 Procesbeheer/geheugenbeheer .............................................................................................................. 42

3.1.1 Laden van OS ........................................................................................................................................... 42

3.1.2 Laden van processen ................................................................................................................................ 43
3.1.2.1 Programma’s laden .......................................................................................................................... 43
3.1.2.2 Processen laden ............................................................................................................................... 44
3.1.2.3 Een Proces linken ............................................................................................................................. 45
3.1.2.4 Compile lab ...................................................................................................................................... 48

3.2 Geheugenbeheer .................................................................................................................................... 49

3.2.1 Partitioning .............................................................................................................................................. 50
3.2.1.1 Vaste partities .................................................................................................................................. 51
3.2.1.2 Dynamische partitionering .............................................................................................................. 52

3.2.2 Segmenting .............................................................................................................................................. 55

3.2.3 Paging ...................................................................................................................................................... 58

3.2.4 Virtueel geheugen.................................................................................................................................... 62

3.3 Voorbeeld examenvragen ....................................................................................................................... 64

4.1 Wat is een proces? .................................................................................................................................. 65



2

, 4.2 Toestanden van een proces ..................................................................................................................... 67

4.3 Scheduling in de praktijk ......................................................................................................................... 70

4.3.1 Idle time ................................................................................................................................................... 70

4.3.2 Context switch ......................................................................................................................................... 70

4.3.3 Nieuw proces starten in Unix ................................................................................................................... 71

4.3.4 Nieuw proces starten in shell-scripts ....................................................................................................... 73

4.3 Scheduling strategieën ............................................................................................................................ 73

4.3.1 First come first served (FCFS) ................................................................................................................... 73

4.3.2 Shortest process next (SPN) ..................................................................................................................... 74

4.3.3 Shortest remaining time (SRT) ................................................................................................................. 74

4.3.4 Highest response ratio next (HRRN) ........................................................................................................ 74

4.3.5 Round Robin (RR) ..................................................................................................................................... 75

4.3.6 Ubuntu time-slice..................................................................................................................................... 75

4.3.7 Scheduling in Linux .................................................................................................................................. 76

4.4 Voorbeelden examenvragen ................................................................................................................... 77

5.1 Interprocess communication (IPC) ........................................................................................................... 78

5.1.1 Unix en Windows pipes ............................................................................................................................ 78

5.1.2 Unix berichten .......................................................................................................................................... 79

5.1.3 Linux IPC................................................................................................................................................... 79

5.1.4 Unix shared memory ................................................................................................................................ 80

5.2 Threads ................................................................................................................................................... 81

5.2.1 Implementatie ......................................................................................................................................... 82

5.2.2 Threads in Linux ....................................................................................................................................... 84

5.3 Multi-processor....................................................................................................................................... 85

5.4 Gelijktijdigheid ........................................................................................................................................ 87

5.5 Dead-lock ................................................................................................................................................ 89

5.6 Voorbeeld examenvragen ....................................................................................................................... 91

6.1 User Interfaces ........................................................................................................................................ 91

6.1.1 Terminal services ..................................................................................................................................... 91

6.1.2 Windowing systems ................................................................................................................................. 92
6.1.2.1 X Window system ............................................................................................................................ 92



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