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Summary Key knowledge English grammar
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A summary of all grammar issues that may occur in the knowledge test. Extracted grammar results: Section A: 77.78% Component B: 100% Section C: 64% Final score: 72.4%
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By: ronvanvliet1 • 1 year ago
If you like structure, you can't find that here. There are useful things in it, but I also have a lot of ideas missing. Maybe this works for some people, but it's personally of very little use to me.
By: demiderks71 • 4 year ago
By: nmlscheltema • 7 year ago
By: jverstraate • 7 year ago
By: deborahleppers • 6 year ago
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Contrastive Language AwarenessAdjectives
Adjectives describe the appearance, colour, size, age or other
qualities of a noun or pronoun.
Used in combination with a noun: attributive. Old book.
Used as a subject/object complement: predicative. Made him happy.
English adjectives have only one form.
English has two ways to form comparison.
English has stricter rules for order of adjectives.
Degrees of comparison
For adjectives of one syllable: use -er/ -est.
For adjectives of two syllables: use -er / -est or more / most if:
Stress is on the first syllable and the adjective ends in a
consonant + -le, -er, -ow, -y, -some.
Stress is on the second syllable.
For all other adjectives use more/most.
Irregular degrees of comparison
Good - better - best
Bad - worse - worst
Far - farther - farthest (only for distance)
Far - further - furthest (distance or 'additional')
Old - older - oldest
Old - elder - eldest (elder/st mainly for son, daughter, etc.)
Late - later - latest (most recent
Later - latter - last (last one mentioned)
Other ways of comparing:
She worked as a waitress: in the capacity of.
She dressed like a waitress: in the same way as.
Comparison
Her car is newer than his. (Then is about places!)
When comparing two persons or thing we use the comparative:
Sandra was the prettier of the two.
Absolute superlative = very high degree: I was most grateful for
their contributions.
Adjectives used as nouns
To denote all the people with that quality: the young are always the
first to use new technology.
But for singular count nouns we need a real noun: A young person.
Or to denote the whole nation, in the case of: British, English, Scots,
Welsh etc.
Position of adjectives.
, With a noun
As a subject/object complement
Most can be used in either position, some can only be used as
subject- or object complement: alone, afraid.
There are two types of attributive adjectives:
Qualitative: can be graded and/or compared. Really hot.
Classifying: cannot be graded because it indicates what class/kind
of noun. Remedial teaching.
Some can only be used in front of a noun:
He sent her countless messages.
Some change meaning in a different position or have a different
function.
Some adjectives such as old or tall, come after a number+noun.
Some adjectives are only used as post modifier.
Order of adjectives
Reminder:
Determiner - observation general - observation specific - size - shape - age - colour - origin - material -
noun.
That horrible dilapidated little round ancient brown American
wooden cabin.
Exceptions: longer adjectives may come after shorter ones.
Comparatives and superlatives always come first.
Adverbials
Adverbials are usually:
Adverbs (usually)
Adverb phrases (with difficulty)
Prepositional phrases (in the drawer)
There are different kinds of adverbs/adverbials:
Of manner (kindly)
Of place (behind)
Of time (lately)
, Most adverbs are formed by adding -ly to and adjective.
Sometimes adverb has different meaning than adjective.
Sometimes two adverbs are related to the same adjective.
In American English the adjectival form is often used as adverb.
Sometimes adjectives cannot be formed into an adverb:
That's a difficult problem.
He walked with difficulty.
Adverbs versus adjectives:
Adjectives qualify nouns or pronouns: It's an easy question.
Adverbs qualify verbs: You should be able to answer it easily.
Most adverbs act as constituent in sentence analysis.
Some adverbs are not used as a separate constituent: He / bought /
very expensive shoes.
Order of adverbs
Adverbs of probability, frequency and duration (in this order) come
before the lexical verb and after the first auxiliary: She will
perhaps/never/still be home.
Unless 'to be' is the only verb in the predicate: you are probably
right.
Adverbs of manner, place and time (in that order) come after the
lexical verb and any object: I'll collect the parcel on my way home
tonight.
Adverbs of degree almost always come before the main verb: he
really enjoyed it.
Adverbs of probability, frequency and duration: before the lexical
verb and after the first auxiliary, unless 'to be' is the only verb in
the predicate.
Adverbs of manner place and time: come after the lexical verb and
any object.
Adverbs of degree: almost always come before the main verb.
For/during
For: answers the question 'for how long?'
During: answers the question 'When?'
Some verbs that can function as link verb do not take adverbs but
adjectives: feel, seemed, smelled.
Degrees of comparison
Degrees of comparison for adverbs ending in -ly + often are formed
with more/most.
Some irregular degrees of comparison (badly - worse worst, well -
better - best)
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