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Samenvatting Daders inclusief voorgeschreven aritkelen
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Samenvatting Daders van Criminologie Universiteit Leiden. Bevat aantekeningen van de voorgeschreven artikelen, de hoorcolleges en de werkgroepen.
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Week 1Gelegenheidstheorieën
Predatory crimes: de dader valt een persoon of eigendom van een ander aan.
Consensual crimes: twee mensen werken samen bij het overtreden van de wet.
Fighting: twee conflicterende partijen gedragen zich beide illegaal.
Deze drie misdaden hangen af van de mate waarin mensen mixen gedurende een dag. Dat mixen
is weer afhankelijk van de activiteiten die die mensen ondergaan en waar ze die activiteiten
ondergaan.
Setting: een plek voor recurrent gedrag op bekende tijdstippen.
Risky settings:
- Public routes.
- Recreation settings.
- Public transport.
- Retail stores.
- Residential settings.
- Educational settings.
- Offices.
- Human services.
- Warehouses.
Stages of a criminal act:
1. The prelude: the events thad lead directly up to and into the criminal act, such as getting
drunk, driving through a neighborhood, or waiting until no one is looking.
2. The incident: the immediate criminal act, such as punching someone, breaking a window,
or stealing a purse.
3. The aftermath: whatever happens after or as a result of the incident, such as the offender
fleeing the scene, fencing stolen goods, or using a stolen credit card.
Bijna altijd aanwezige elementen:
- Een potentiële dader.
- Een geschikt slachtoffer.
- De afwezigheid van controle of bewaking.
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,The crime triangle depicts:
a. The offender evading handlers.
b. Finding places without managers. And
c. Targets without guardians.
Predatory offenses: een persoon die een ander persoon pijn doet, zonder dat er sprake is van
zelfverdediging.
Crime generatrors:
1. A settings hosts normal legal activities;
2. These activities assemble likely offenders and targets, making that setting a crime
generator;
3. That gives offenders successful crime experiences in that setting; after which
4. The setting becomes a crime attractor, with crime there getting still worse.
Newman’s classic distinction:
1. Private space.
2. Semiprivate space.
3. Semipublic space.
4. Public space.
Hot products:
- Concealable
- Removable
- Available
- Valuable
- Enjoyable
- Disposable
1. Nodes: settings such as homes, schools, workplaces, shopping or strip malls,
and entertainment areas. They provide particular crime opportunities and risks.
A node that favors one type of crime might not favor another, but specific crime
risks differ greatly among nodes.
2. Paths: leading from one node to another, also offering crime opportunities and
risks. Not only do paths conduct more people per square foot-hence providing offenders,
targets, and guardians-but also lead people to nodes that might
involve them, one way or another, in crime.
3. Edges: places where two local areas touch. Crime is often most risky here.
At the edges of an area, outsiders can intrude quickly and then leave without
being stopped or even noticed. For example, college students might find their.
cars broken into when they park at the edge of campus. Those who can only
find parking at the edge of a high-crime area suffer greater property or even
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, personal risk.
Culturele criminologie
Sneaky thrill: (1) a person tacitly generates the experience of being seduced to deviance, (2)
reconquers her emotions in a concentration dedicated to the production of normal appearances,
(3) and then appreciates the reverberating significance of her accomplishment in a euphoric thrill.
Aantekeningen
Homo economicus: de rationele dader.
- Rationele mens.
- Kosten-baten afweging.
Homo sociologicus: dader staat onder invloed van zijn sociale omgeving.
- De keuze om dader te worden staat erg onder invloed van omgeving en cultuur.
Agency: de keuze die je maakt (wanneer je onder invloed staat van omgeving) die effect heeft op
je daderschap.
Eck’s crime triangle:
- Toezichthouders:
o Handler -> dader.
o Manager -> locatie.
o Guardian -> doelwit.
o Als deze drie afwezig zijn kan de dader zijn gang gaan
De rol van gelegenheid:
- Signalen (clues) uit de directe omgeving over doelwit en toezicht.
- Gelegenheid bepaalt de afweging en keuze.
Rationele dader is niet altijd een voorbereidende dader.
Levensloopcriminologie:
- Op welke manier verschillen criminele carrières?
- Waarom stoppen sommige daders en waarom gaan andere daders hun hele leven door?
Typologie van daders:
- Persisters: veelplegers, gedurende hun hele leven.
- Desisters: first-offenders, hebben eenmalig iets gedaan en zijn vervolgens gestraft.
- Intermittent offenders: overige daders, zig-zaggen tussen pesister en desister.
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