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Cultural Diversity hoorcollege aantekeningen
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Cultural diversity: Hoorcollege aantekeningenHoorcollege 1: Migration and the multicultural society
Superdiversity: veel verschillende etnische achtergronden
Hierbij wordt gekeken naar hoe wij mensen ontvangen die migreren naar het land.
Relevance of cultural diversity
Migration and globalisation
- Culturele diversiteit neemt tot en er zijn hierdoor verschillende perspectieven ontstaan op
menselijke ontwikkeling.
Diversity in the Netherlands; children and families you will encounter in the field
- Necessity of specific interventions or cultural-sensitive approach?
Specific issues related to diversity; minorities (developing different languages, shifting between two
cultures, discrimation)
- Socialization, values and norms differs per culture
- How they find their way in society, do they feel like they are part of the society
(discrimination)
The study of child welfare, familes and eduction; literature from the U.S. Nederland gebruikt veel
Engelse literatuur. Hierdoor diversity ook erg belangrijk.
How many refugees/asylum seekers did the Netherlands have in 2021?
- 91000 refugees and asylum seekers in the Netherlands (about 0.16% in the world)
- Most migrants and asylum seekers zoeken naar een plek om te wonen vaak dicht in de buurt
van hun moederland.
- Majority comes from Syria, Afghanistan, Algeria, Turkey and Jemen.
- During the COVID pandemic initial decrease; more influx
Increasing diversity in society
Migration in the Netherlands
Immigration history in the Netherlands
,Second half of 19th century
- Migration from former Dutch colonies; Surinamese- Dutch & Antillean-Dutch
- Migration since 60s as guest workers; Turkisch-dutch & Morroccan- Dutch
Since ’00 -> there is a shift in migrants and there work (ICT, not fabrics)
Labour and economic migrants
- Eastern Europe (poland, bulgaria, romania)
- Asia (India, China)
Fluctuating waves of migration from conflict areas
- Somalia, Ethiopia, Iraq, Afghanistan, Syria
Policy perspective
- Wat willen we doen om de migranten te supporten en welk beleid willen bereiken. Er is een
sterke verandering in het beleid.
Tot 1980 was het beleid gericht op immigratie als een tijdelijke fenomeen; alleen voor huisvesting en
welvaart -> exclusie?
Focused on preservation of own culture; omdat ze toch weer naar hun eigen land zouden gaan.
- kinderen kregen les in moedertaal en er werd minder aandacht besteed aan het leren van de
Nederlandse taal.
In 1980: minderheidsbeleid
- Drop idea of temporariness (quest workers -> minorities); Het was de bedoeling dat op enig
moment de migranten weer terug gingen naar hun thuisland
- Multicultural approach -> Het beleid focuste zich op het ontwikkelen van eigen cultuur, maar
ook het bijdragen aan de samenleving (zoals het zoeken van werk)
- Promote participation in society
Economic difficult times -> high unemployment rate
Participation rates in (post) secondary education -> drop out
Marginalization; immigranten waren geen deel van de samenleving
In 1990: integration policy
- Mandatory language and integration classes (inburgeringscursus) were from poor quality
- High unemployment and reliance on social policy provisions
- Segregation in society and schools in particular
Pillarized school system -> Islamic primary schools -> leads to more segregation
- High delinquency rates among certain groups (Moroccan-Dutch youth)
Towards the beginning of 2000 higher employment rates -> success of second generation
2000s: policy towards assimilation
- Serveral (inter)national events were related to that: 9/11, killing of Pim Fortuyn
- Public debate on integration and failure in this
- Changing political (populist) discourse -> ‘’Dutch’’ identity
- Culturalization
, Growing emphasis on Islam as cause for all problems
Fear of radicalization
Public opinion -> growing mistrust between, Muslisms and non-Muslims
Stereotypes on specific groups
- Polarization: growing divide in society
Berry’s acculturation model
- Multiculturality: maintain your heritage culture and the new culture
- Integration: People adopting this strategy, maintaining their own culture but adopting also
they new culture
- Melting pot: people dont maintain there own heritage culture, but mainly focus on adopting
the culture of the society
- Segregation: people maintain there own heritage culture, but don’t adopt the new culture.
- Exclusion: people dont maintain there own cultur and dont adopt the new culture.
- Integration: maintaining your heritage culture, and adopting the new culture.
- Assimilation: assimilate completely and don’t maintain your heritage culture.
, - Segregation: maintaining your heritgage culture, and don’t adopt the new culture.
- Marginalisation: individuals really don’t have there place in society
Succes of Turkish youth across 7 European countries
Dit zorgde ervoor dat er duidelijke verschillen naar voren kwamen in verschillende systemen etc
binnen de verschillende landen.
- Idea of segmented assimilation: more than one way to assimilate
- Role of context; different countries showing different schoolsystems
- Failed integration of failing (educational) systems?
Acces and participation in early schooling (France vs Germany)
Finding your way in a complicated (eductional) system
Role of social and political discourse
- Political discourse -> political climate, stereotypes and hierarchies
- Social discours -> acceptance towards immigrants (Amsterdam < Madrid)
Theories of Culture and Development
a. Individualism and collectivism
Based on IBM study in the 60s & 70s -> organisation psychology
4 dimensions for cross-cultural communication
- Individualism/collectivism
- Power distance
- Uncertainty- avoidance
- Masculinity-Feminity
Adopted in psychology and educational research
- But also heavily criticized for postulating an oversimplified structuren die niet overlappen.
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