Summary
Summary Chapter 1: Background to the study of Psychology
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Combinatie van een samenvatting van hoofdstuk 1 & aantekeningen uit het bijbehorende hoorcollege
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Chapter 4: The Neural Control of Behavior
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Chapter 3: Genetics and Evolutionary Foundations of Behavior
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Chapter 2: Methods of Psychology
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Some examples from this set of practice questions
1.
Wat zijn de 3 ideeën van Wundt? / What are the 3 underlying ideas of Wundt\'s theory?
Answer: 1. Gedrag en mentale processen hebben een materialistische basis 2. Individuen kunnen veranderen door ervaring 3. We zijn gevormd door evolutie en natuurlijke selectie ---------------------- 1. Behaviour and mental processes have a material origin, you can’t take it serious if it was supernatural 2. Individuals can change because of experiences 3. Humankind was shaped by evolution and natural selection.
2.
Welke 2 verschillende soorten \'knowledge\' zijn er? / What are the 2 different types of knowledge?
Answer: 1. A posteriori knowledge - dingen die je moet leren. 2. A prior knowledge - dingen die je niet hoeft te leren (bijvoorbeeld tijd en ruimte) --------------- 1. A posteriori knowledge - things you have to learn 2. A prior knowledge - things you don’t have to learn (time and space for example)
3.
Wat is empiricism? / What is the definition of empriricism?
Answer: Het idee dat human knowledge en gedachtes door zintuigelijke ervaring zijn ontstaan. -------------------------------------- the idea that human knowledge and thought derive ultimately from sensory experience
4.
Wie is de bedenker van dualism? / Who is the founder of dualism?
Answer: Descartes
5.
Wie is de bedenker van materialism? / Who is the founder of materialism?
Answer: Hobbes
Content preview
What is psychology?Psychology is the science of human behaviour and its underlying mental processes.
→ Behaviour = observable actions of a person or an animal
→ Mind = individual’s sensations, perceptions, memories, thoughts etc
→ Science = all attempts to answer questions through systematic collection and
logical analysis of objectively observable data.
‘Why do people lie’ can be answered with scientific methods and ‘Will souls of liars go to
heaven’ can’t be answered, because you can’t observe a soul or heaven.
We will discuss questions in which we can observe things.
→ Behaviour = directly observable
→ Mind = not directly observable
You first have to understand normal behaviour before you can identify ‘ill’ behaviour ->
‘normal’ is cultury determined.
Foundations
1879 → Wundt
Three underlying ideas
1) Behaviour and mental processes have a material origin, you can’t take it serious
if it was supernatural
2) Individuals can change because of experiences
3) Humankind was shaped by evolution and natural selection. The same for all other
species. It is worth it to look at other species and how they act because we are
related.
Three controversies
1) Dualism vs Materialism
Descartes took the important step to see the body as a machine. You can study how
muscles work. Animals were totally mechanic, so you can study how they work.
Humans have both a body and conscious thought, so not totally mechanic. Where
does conscious thought take place? It exists somewhere separately from the body.
This laid down the foundation of Descartes body-soul dualism. They communicate
through the pineal gland. (The soul is housed in the pineal gland). Decartes believed
that even very complex behaviours can occur through purely mechanical means,
without involvement of the soul.
→ Body : Natural world, can be studied scientifically
→ Soul : Supernatural entity that operates according to its own free will,
cannot be studied scientifically.
→ Thought : Conscious deliberation and judgement.
Decartes’ theory is popular among nonscientists, because it acknowledges the roles of
sense organs, nerves and muscles in behaviour without violating people’s religious.
→ Psychology limits : theory sets stricts limits, which few psychologists would
accept today, on what can and cannot be understood scientifically
→ Philosophy limits : stumbles on the question of how a nonmaterial entity
(soul) can have a material effect (movement of body).
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