Test Bank for Module (1-4) Forensic Sciences Laboratories and Techniques (new)2023
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Test Bank for Module (1-4) Forensic Sciences Laboratories and Techniques (new)2023Test Bank for Module (1-4) Forensic Sciences Laboratories and Techniques (new)2023Test Bank for Module (1-4) Forensic Sciences Laboratories and Techniques (new)2023Test Bank for Module (1-4) Forensic Sciences Laborato...
test bank for module 1 4 forensic sciences laboratories and techniques new2023
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Dental nursing level 3
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Module 1: Forensic Sciences Laboratories and Techniques
PowerPoint
CRIME LABORATORIES
➔ Ever increasing # of crime labs is partly the result of:
◆ Supreme Court decisions in the 1960s responsible for police placing greater
emphasis on scientifically evaluated evidence
◆ Crime laboratories inundated with drug specimens due to accelerated drug abuse
◆ The advent of DNA profiling
➔ Centers for Forensic Investigation of
◆ Ongoing Criminal Cases
◆ Research into new techniques and procedures
➔ United States
◆ development of crime labs in the US has been characterized by rapid growth
accompanied by a lack of national and regional planning and coordination
◆ At present, approx. 411 public crime laboratories operate at various levels of
government -- federal, state, county, and municipal
➔ Canada
◆ RCMP Forensic Laboratory services
◆ Provincial labs
◆ Few private labs
◆ Centre of Forensic Sciences
◆ Central lab in Toronto
◆ Smaller regional lab in Sault Ste. Marie
,ONTARIO CENTER FOR FORENSIC SCIENCES
➔ Part of the Govt. of Ontario Ministry of Community safety and correctional services
➔ Provides Forensic Sciences services to law enforcement agencies in Ontario
➔ One of the most extensive Forensic LABS in North America
➔ 1993: became the 1st Forensic lab in Canada to be accredited to an international set of
Standards
CRIME LAB SERVICES: BASIC SERVICES
➔ Physical Sciences Unit
◆ Incorporates the principles of chemistry, physics, and geology to identify and
compare physical evidence
➔ Biology Unit
◆ Applies the knowledge of biological sciences in order to investigate blood
samples, body fluids, hair, and fiber samples
➔ Firearms Unit
◆ Investigates discharged bullets, cartridge cases, shotgun shells, and ammunition
➔ Documents Examination Unit
◆ Provides the skills needed for handwriting analysis and other questioned-
document issues
➔ Photography Unit
◆ Applies specialized photographic techniques for recording and examining
physical evidence
CRIME LAB SERVICES: OPTIONAL SERVICES
➔ Toxicology Unit
◆ Examines body fluids and organs for the presence of drugs and poisons
➔ Latent Fingerprint Unit
◆ Processes and examines evidence for latent fingerprints
➔ Polygraph Unit
◆ Conducts polygraph or lie detector tests
➔ Voiceprint Analysis Unit
, ◆ Attempts to tie a recorded voice to a particular suspect
➔ Evidence-Collection Unit
◆ Dispatches specially trained personnel to the crime scene to collect and preserve
physical evidence
SPECIAL FORENSIC SCIENCE SERVICES
➔ A number of special forensic science services are available to the law enforcement
community to augment the services of the crime laboratory
➔ These services include:
◆ Forensic Psychiatry
● area in which the relationship between human behavior and legal
proceedings is examined
◆ Forensic Odontology
● using teeth to provide information about the identification of victims
when a body is left in an unrecognizable state; also investigates bite
marks
◆ Computer Science
● examination of digital evidence
◆ Forensic Engineering
● concerned with failure analysis, accident reconstruction, and causes and
origins of fires or explosions
◆ Forensic Biometrics
● Physiological biometrics such as fingerprints, hand, iris ,retina and facial
scans + Behavioral Biometrics including handwriting, voice analysis etc
THE FRYE STANDARD
➔ The Frye v. United States decision set guidelines for determining the admissibility of
scientific evidence into the courtroom
➔ To meet the Frye standard, the evidence in question must be "generally accepted" by the
scientific community
, ➔ Frye Not Absolute
◆ 1993 case of Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceutical, Inc.: U.S. Supreme Court
asserted that the Frye standard is not an absolute prerequisite to the admissibility of
scientific evidence
◆ Trial judges = "gatekeepers" for the admissibility and validity of scientific evidence
presented in their courts + all expert testimony
THE DAUBERT CRITERIA
➔ In Daubert, the Supreme Court offered some guidelines as to how a judge can gauge
scientific evidence
1. Whether the scientific technique or theory can be (and has been) tested
2. Whether the technique or theory has been subject to peer review and publication
3. The technique's potential rate of error
4. Existence and maintenance of standards controlling the technique's operation
5. Whether the scientific theory or method has attracted widespread acceptance
within a relevant scientific community
SKILLS OF A FORENSIC SCIENTIST
➔ must be skilled in applying the principles and techniques of the physical and natural sciences to
the analysis of the many types of evidence that may be recovered during a criminal
investigation
➔ A forensic scientist may also provide expert court testimony
◆ expert witness: individual whom the court determines possesses knowledge
relevant to the trial that is not expected of the average person
◆ The expert witness is called on to evaluate evidence based on specialized training
and experience that the court lacks the expertise to do
◆ The expert will then express an opinion as to the significance of the findings
➔ The necessity for the forensic scientist to appear in court has been imposed on the
criminal justice system by the case of Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts
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