Summary
Summary Essay plans for Approaches
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Essay plans summarising AO1 and AO3 points for Approaches year 1 and 2.
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APPROACHESOrigins of Psych and Wundt
A01 A01 A01 A01
● Opened first ever psych lab in ● Introspection - first systematic ● Promoted introspection to study ● Focuses on being objective
germany 1879 experimental attempt to study mental processes ● All under controlled
● Studies aspects of behaviour mind by breaking up conscious ● Participants provide description of conditions
that could be controlled awareness into basic structures of thought process in response to ● Same standardised
● Moved psych from philosophical thoughts, images and sensations stimuli instructions given to all
roots to a scientific approach ● Isolating structures of ● Reflecting on sensations and participants allowing
consciousness in this way is feelings procedure to be replicated
called structuralism
, APPROACHES
Learning approach - behaviourism
A01 - operant conditioning A01 A01 - classical conditioning A01
● Skinner's box ● Positive reinforcement - ● Pavlov's dogs - learning by
● Behaviour shaped + behaviour more likely to happen association
maintained by its by giving a desirable
consequences consequence
● Negative reinforcement - more
likely to happen by removing
undesirable consequence
● Punishment - less likely to
happen by giving undesirable
consequence
Improved scientific credibility Real world application Ethical issues Passive machine like responders
E - behaviourists e.g. skinner - E - token economy systems - reward + E - skinner's box - stressful conditions E - skinner - fails to take into account
observable behaviour - highly behaviour in institutions e.g. prisons other factors that affect behaviour -
controlled lab E - experiment may not be sound - mental processes - too difficult
E - can have positive effects - encourage situation may have caused animals to act
E - focus on objective methods - prosocial behaviour adversely E - dismisses complicity of human mind
behaviourists developed psych as and other approaches e.g. cognitive
scientific discipline
All behaviour determined by
conditioned past
E - skinners suggestion - no free will -
behaviour result of reinforcement
E - fails to recognise humans free will
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