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An entire guide to Understanding Psychological Diversity, complete with annotations, book summary and lecture notes. 70+ pages clear and accurate, easy to read. Indexed.$9.39
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An entire guide to Understanding Psychological Diversity, complete with annotations, book summary and lecture notes. 70+ pages clear and accurate, easy to read. Indexed.
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Course
Psychology
Institution
University Of Westminster (UOW)
These notes were made by a student who won the excellence award, meaning top scorer across all faculties. The same student is now teaching statistics at master's level and studying precision medicine at King's College. It is a clear, well organised, summarised and correct collection of notes from ...
DIVERSITY AS PART OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT: SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF IDENTITY (WEEKS 1, 2, 7) . 7
SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION VS MAINSTREAM PSYCHOLOGY ................................................................................................... 8
PERSONAL VS SOCIAL IDENTITY .................................................................................................................................. 8
SENSE OF SELF ........................................................................................................................................................ 8
SELF V. WORLD ...................................................................................................................................................... 8
TAJFEL’S MINIMAL GROUP STUDY ............................................................................................................................... 9
GROUPS AND SOCIAL COMPARISON ............................................................................................................................ 9
IN GROUP/ OUT GROUP ........................................................................................................................................... 9
COLLECTIVIST V INDIVIDUALIST CULTURES .................................................................................................................. 10
DIFFERENCE AS SOCIALLY AND CULTURALLY CONSTRUCTED : PREJUDICE, DISCRIMINATION AND
STIGMA (WEEKS 2,3,4, 7,8,9,11) ........................................................................................................... 12
THREATENED IDENTITY ........................................................................................................................................... 12
STIGMA .............................................................................................................................................................. 12
THE DISCREDITED VERSUS THE DISCREDITABLE ............................................................................................................. 12
MULTI-LEVEL: STRUCTURAL STIGMA ......................................................................................................................... 13
HATE CRIME ........................................................................................................................................................ 13
• MINIMAL GROUP THEORY ............................................................................................................................. 13
• INTERGROUP CONFLICT ................................................................................................................................. 14
SOCIAL SOURCES OF PREJUDICE ............................................................................................................................... 14
MOTIVATIONAL SOURCES OF PREJUDICE ................................................................................................................... 15
COGNITIVE SOURCES OF PREJUDICE .......................................................................................................................... 15
CONSEQUENCES OF PREJUDICE ................................................................................................................................ 16
THREATENED SOCIAL IDENTITY ................................................................................................................................. 18
WHAT INFLUENCES DIFFERENT STRATEGIES?............................................................................................................... 19
DIVERSITY AS PART OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT: ATTACHMENT DIMENSIONS, VALUES AND BELIEFS
(WEEKS 3 & 4) ...................................................................................................................................... 22
SECONDARY ATTACHMENT STRATEGIES ..................................................................................................................... 22
CULTURE & ATTACHMENT ...................................................................................................................................... 24
DEVELOPMENT OF DIVERSITY OF VALUES................................................................................................................... 26
DIVERSITY OF VALUES ............................................................................................................................................ 26
THE EXAMPLE OF POLITICAL VALUES .......................................................................................................................... 27
THE DEVELOPMENT OF VALUES ............................................................................................................................... 27
STABILITY OF VALUES OVER TIME .............................................................................................................................. 27
VALUES ARE SHAPED IN SOCIAL CONTEXTS .................................................................................................................. 27
DIFFERENCE AS SOCIALLY AND CULTURALLY CONSTRUCTED: RACE, ETHNICITY AND RELIGION (WEEKS
4,7,9,11) .............................................................................................................................................. 29
ACCENTISM & OTHER ............................................................................................................................................ 30
DEFINING ‘RACE’ & ETHNICITY ................................................................................................................................. 31
HEALTH IMPLICATIONS ........................................................................................................................................... 32
ISLAM & HJIAB..................................................................................................................................................... 34
DIFFERENCE AS SOCIALLY AND CULTURALLY CONSTRUCTED:GENDER/ LBGTQ ISSUES (WEEKS 5,9, 11) 35
GENDER AND GENDER ISSUES .................................................................................................................................. 35
GENDER AND GENDER INEQUALITIES ......................................................................................................................... 35
SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION AND GENDER ........................................................................................................................ 35
BIOLOGICAL DETERMINISM:.................................................................................................................................... 35
ROLE OF FEMINIST THEORY ..................................................................................................................................... 36
GENDER DISCRIMINATION ...................................................................................................................................... 37
HOMOPHOBIA ..................................................................................................................................................... 38
HEGEMONIC MASCULINITIES ................................................................................................................................... 42
2
, DIFFERENCE AS SOCIALLY AND CULTURALLY CONSTRUCTED:MENTAL HEALTH, ILLNESS,
NEURODIVERSITY (WEEKS 5,8 &10)...................................................................................................... 45
HEALTH AND ILLNESS AS SOCIO-CULTURAL CONSTRUCTS ............................................................................................... 45
CONSTRUCTION OF MENTAL HEALTH DISORDERS ......................................................................................................... 45
BIOPOWER AND MEDICINE ...................................................................................................................................... 46
POWER OF THE EXPERT .......................................................................................................................................... 46
ERVIN GOFFMAN ON MENTAL ILLNESS ...................................................................................................................... 46
ETHNOCENT RACISM IN MEDICINE ............................................................................................................................ 47
CONSTRUCTION OF DISABILITY ................................................................................................................................. 47
PREJUDICE .......................................................................................................................................................... 48
NEURODIVERSITY .................................................................................................................................................. 48
AUTISM .............................................................................................................................................................. 50
CONSEQUENCES OF LABELLING ................................................................................................................................ 51
AUTISTIC VULNERABILITY ........................................................................................................................................ 51
SOCIAL MODEL OF DISABILITY .................................................................................................................................. 52
DIFFERENCE AS SOCIALLY AND CULTURALLY CONSTRUCTED: SOCIAL MEDIA EFFECTS (WEEK 8) ........... 59
BODY IMAGE AND BODY DISSATISFACTION ................................................................................................................. 59
SOCIAL MEDIA- WHO’S REALLY IN CONTROL? .............................................................................................................. 59
SOCIAL MEDIA AND IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION ............................................................................................................. 59
SOCIAL COMPARISON THEORY ................................................................................................................................. 60
CYBERBULLING ..................................................................................................................................................... 61
EATING DISORDERS ............................................................................................................................................... 61
DIVERSITY AS A POLITICAL CONCERN: INTERSECTIONALITY (WEEKS 9 &11) .......................................... 64
DIVERSITY AS A POLITICAL CONCERN : SOCIAL JUSTICE AND SOCIAL ACTIVISM (WEEKS 5, 9,11) ........... 70
LGBTQ AND POLITICS OF DIVERSITY AND INCLUSION .................................................................................................... 70
DIVERSITY AND INCLUSION POLITICS.......................................................................................................................... 71
3
, Why study diversity?
Our world, countries, work and educational places consist of diverse groups. Was a bit of a catch word for
integration and bringing people into a mix. If you look around everywhere we have diverse groups. It is a
big field for psychologists to investigate. Focusing on diversity in different context can change the world
• Diversity offers many opportunities to create stronger institutions and a wide range of social
and emotional connections.
• Psychologists want to know about human differences, but increasingly also about the
reasons for and psycho-social effects of social categorisation, prejudice and discrimination.
• Some of this burden is attributable to past oppression and injustice.
Diversity means more than a ’melting pot’
• Diversity can imply a system in people accept the values and lifestyle of the majority group
i.e. the melting pot ideal.
• But reality is that minority groups in society are frequently disadvantaged from an early
stage.
• Module focuses on diversity issues from a critical psychological perspective
• Today, people in the US enjoy similar rights, yet black people and Hispanics are less likely to
achieve a high school diploma or get health insurance, and twice as likely to be arrested for
crimes.
Diversity from three major perspectives:
1. Diversity as part of human development- theories around attachment, values individual and
social identity (building on Individual Differences)
2. Difference as socially and culturally constructed
(builds on Social Psychology)
3. Diversity as a political concern- intersectionality, social activism, social justice
Kenneth Clark (1914-2005) and Mamie Clark (1917-1983)
• Famous for “Clark Doll Test” which played a role in the Supreme Court decision in outlawing
segregation.
• Black children 3-7 years were shown black dolls and while dolls otherwise identical, and
questioned to determine racial perception and preference.
• Those as young as 3 showed preference for white dolls, 50% identified with the white doll.
Thesis- Segregation is psychologically damaging
• Result: The experiment proved that “separate but equal” schools for blacks and whites were
anything but equal in practice and therefore against the law.
• Found that many African American children informed they had a learning disability or
disabled were diagnosed incorrectly due to biased psychological testing.
• Despite her important investigations into self-concept among minorities, Clarks’
contributions have often been overlooked, with psychology history courses and textbooks
mentioning her only in passing.
Profile of psychology students is growing ever more diverse
• Christine Ladd-Franklin completed PhD studies in 1882; “allowed” to lecture from 1904; PhD
awarded in 1926 (aged 78)
• Mamie and Kenneth Clark the first African-Americans to obtain PhDs from
Columbia University in 1943 and 1940 respectively
• Margaret Dudley first Maori with permanent FT lectureship on clinical psychology
programme at Auckland University, 2016
4
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