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Cardiovascular System 9: Cardiac Embryology
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A detailed summary on the embryological development of the heart and any defects that can occur.
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CARDIAC EMBRYOLOGYStarts in 3rd week of development.
PROCESS OF DEVELOPMENT:
1. Start with blood islands which are endothelial bags of RBC (vasculogenesis).
2. Angiogenesis- sprouting of vessels from endothelial bags of RBC (forms arch of
vessels).
3. By 4th week – two endocardial tubes fuse together (becomes your heart).
4. 3 layers of endocardial tube – myocardium, endocardium and pericardium. Also
have cardiac jelly which doesn’t contain cells but is key for valve formation.
5. Endocardial tubes fused to form one – confined in an endocardial cavity which
drives folding of the heart.
6. Sinus venosus- forms vessels that enter heart at the atria. Bulbus cordis forms your
pulmonary trunk and aorta.
7. Folding of the heart – atria get pushed upward and behind. Folds are all driven in
one direction which is driven by nodal of heart.
Dextrocardia – folding in opposite direction; therefore, orientation is from
left to right instead of right to left.
8. Septum Intermedium – between ventricles and atria.
9. Septum Primum – fuses with septum intermedium to separate left and right atria.
But you don’t have septum primum fully fusing with intermedium because
as a fetus, blood needs to flow between the two atria. Therefore, to
overcome this, have holes known as ostium secundum in the septum
primum.
10. Septum secundum needs to be built to separate the Left and right atria for the adult
heart.
11. Truncus – separates in 5th week to form two vessels (pulmonary trunk and aorta).
Separates in a spiral manner.
12. Neural crest cells form semi-lunar valves and are required for the separation of
truncus.
Vitelline Artery/Vein
Forms umbilical vessels.
3rd aortic arch makes your internal and external carotid arteries.
4th aortic arch makes your right brachiocephalic artery and aorta.
6th aortic arch forms ductus arteriosus (takes blood from pulmonary trunk ad
shunts it into aorta – important for foetal life).
Vitelline vein becomes hepatic sinusoids.
Atrial Septal Defects
1. Short septum secundum – allow left to right flow of blood between atria even after
birth.
2. Oversized septum secundum – therefore, still a hole allowing flow between atria.
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