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DEFINITION Involves forming a memory Involves maintaining encoded Involves recovering
code information in memory over information from memory
time stores
ANALOGY TO
INFORMATION
PROCESSING
BY A
COMPUTER
Entering data through a Saving data files on a hard Calling up the files and
keyboard disk displaying data on a monitor
Encoding: Getting Information into Memory
1. The role of attention
2. Levels of processing
3. Enriching encoding
2. Levels of Processing
→ Attention = critical to the encoding of memories
→ Not all attention is created equal – can attend to things in different ways / focus on different aspects of
stimulus input
→ Qualitative differences in way people attend to information – important factors that influence how much
we remember
→ Fergus Craig and Robert Lockheart
○ Proposed incoming information can be processed at different levels
○ Maintained that in dealing with verbal information – people engage in 3 progressively deeper levels
of processing
a. Structural encoding
b. Phonemic encoding
c. Sematic encoding
Level of Processing Type of encoding Example of questions to elicit
appropriate encoding
Structural Encoding:
Is the word written in capital
Shallow Processing Emphasises the physical
Depth of Processing
letters?
structure of the stimulus
Phonemic Encoding:
Does the word rhyme with
Intermediate Processing Emphasises what a word weight?
sounds like
Semantic Encoding: Would the word fit in the
Deep Processing Emphasises the meaning of sentence?
the verbal input “He met a _____ on the street”
3
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