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Daders samenvatting literatuur, hoorcolleges en werkcolleges
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Samenvatting voor het vak daders, onderverdeeld in de voorgeschreven literatuur (Nederlands en Engels), de hoorcolleges en de werkcolleges.
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DadersWeek 1 – Dadertheorieën
The chemistry for crime
Different crime situations:
- Predatory crimes: with one person attacking the person or property of
another. Mostly impersonal: often an offender does not care how the
victim feels.
- Consensual crimes: with two people cooperating to break the law.
- Fighting: with two conflicting parties that both act illegally.
- All these crime types depend on how people mix in the course of a day,
which depends on the activities people engage in and the locations where
they do so.
Crime setting: where people converge or diverge in a special way that
influences their crime opportunities.
Setting: a place for recurrent behavior at known times.
Risky settings:
- Public routes.
- Recreation settings.
- Public transport.
- Retail stores.
- Residential settings.
- Educational settings.
- Offices.
- Human services.
- Warehouses.
Stages of a criminal act:
- Stage one, the prelude: the events that lead directly up to and into the
criminal act, such as getting drunk, driving through a neighborhood, or
waiting until no one is looking.
- Stage two, the incident: the immediate criminal act.
- Stage three, the aftermath: whatever happens after or as a result of the
incident, such as the offender fleeing the scene, fencing stolen goods, or
using a stolen credit card.
- Other criminal acts are often committed in the aftermath: a burglary sets
the stage for a second crime, fencing stolen goods.
Almost-always elements of a criminal act:
- A likely offender.
- A suitable target.
- The absence of a capable guardian against the offense.
Eck’s triangle:
- Offender – handler.
, - Target – guardian.
- Place (setting) – place manager.
Guardians: not police officers or security guards, but often ordinary citizens
going about their daily routines. Their presence serves as a gentle reminder that
someone is looking.
Handler: supervises potential offender.
Part I crimes: mostly predatory offenses with victims, major crimes.
Part II crimes: lack clear and direct victims.
Predatory sequence:
- A likely offender enters a setting.
- A suitable target enters, too.
- A guardian leaves.
- An offender attacks the target.
Settings called crime attractors: are especially likely to draw offenders. The
targets are there before the offender arrives.
Crime generators: likely offenders and suitable targets are around for other
purposes, but criminal acts emerge.
Crime generators transform into attractors:
- A setting hosts normal legal activities.
- These activities assemble likely offenders and targets, making that setting
a crime generator.
- That gives offenders successful crime experiences in that setting.
- After which the setting becomes a crime attractor, with crime there getting
still worse.
Private space: the inside of your home.
Semiprivate space: the area just outside your home, such as an apartment
lobby.
Semipublic space: farther out, such as a yard in front of an apartment building,
where the public might not always go but can get to rather easily.
Public space: difficult to control, provides the least security.
Hot products for theft: CRAVED:
- Concealable.
- Removable.
- Available.
- Valuable.
- Enjoyable.
- Disposable.
Hot products: are affected by their settings.
Targets: vary by offender motive: as motives shift, so do targets.
General rule: the weight of items burgled increases as one goes farther from the
city center.
Places where crime risk occurs:
, - Nodes: settings such as homes, schools, workplaces, shopping or strip
malls, and entertainment areas. They provide particular crime
opportunities and risks. A node that favors one type of crime might not
favor another, but specific crime risks differ greatly among nodes.
- Paths: leading from one node to another, also offering crime
opportunities and risks. Paths conduct more people per square foot and
lead people to nodes that might involve them in crime.
- Edges: places where two local areas touch. Crime is often most risky
here. Outsiders can intrude quickly and then leave without being stopped
or even noticed.
Sneaky thrills
The sneaky thrill: is created when a person:
- Tactily generates the experience of being seduced to deviance.
- Reconquers her emotions in a concentration dedicated to the production of
normal appearances.
- And then appreciates the reverberating significance of her
accomplishment in a euphoric thrill.
Once an object is removed from the protected environment the object
quickly loses much of its charm.
The person’s situational involvement in the sneaky property crimes begins
with a ‘sensual concentration on the boundary between the self as known from
within and as seen from without’. In this first stage of sneaky thrills, the
metaphysical magic of the deviant project takes the person in.
Why some offenders stop
Marriage as a turning point:
- Perhaps in response to his wife’s investment in him and vice versa, Leon
took his martial responsibilities very seriously.
- As a direct result of his marriage, Leon was cut off from his former peer
group.
- Leon spent more time with his wife’s family than he did with his own.
Reform school and the military: teach responsibility and how to follow orders.
After his service: Bruno used the G.I. Bill so the government paid for his
education.
Self-identified turning points: included marriage, serving in the military, being
sent to the Lyman School for Boys, residential relocation, and becoming
involved in meditation.
Despite early instability, rancor and family chaos, men who desisted from
crime exhibited remarkable stability and organization across several adult life
domains.
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