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Overzichtelijke en volledige samenvatting van Methodologie! 14/20 1e zit!

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Methodologie van de Sociale wetenschappen is een moeilijk vak, ik ga eerlijk zijn. Ik vond het boek doorspitten en samenvatten nogal een opgave, maar eenmaal je een overzichtelijke samenvatting hebt gaat het studeren eigenlijk veel makkelijker. Dan kan je dat moeilijke boek eigenlijk vervangen door...

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  • February 2, 2023
  • 132
  • 2021/2022
  • Summary

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By: MaSu • 1 year ago

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Samenvatting
Methodologie van de Sociale wetenschappen
Prof. Henk Roose

,Inhoudsopgave
H1: Waarom sociaalwetenschappelijk onderzoek?.........................................................................................7
1.1 Inleiding...........................................................................................................................................................7
1.2 Enkele voorbeelden.........................................................................................................................................7
1.2.1. Botsende beschavingen..........................................................................................................................8
1.3 De wetenschappelijke aanpak........................................................................................................................9
1.3.1 Wetenschap: een specifieke benadering.................................................................................................9
1.3.2 Alternatieve bronnen van kennis over de werkelijkheid?.......................................................................9
1.4 Wat te verwachten van methodologie?.......................................................................................................10

H2: Bouwstenen en soorten sociaalwetenschappelijk onderzoek..................................................................11
2.1 Inleiding.........................................................................................................................................................11
2.2 Bouwstenen van sociaalwetenschappelijk onderzoek..................................................................................11
2.2.1. Theorie..................................................................................................................................................12
2.2.2. Soorten theorieën.................................................................................................................................13
2.2.3. empirie..................................................................................................................................................13
2.2.4. Inductie en deductie  CHECKEN............................................................................................................14
2.2.5. De empirische cyclus van wetenschappelijk onderzoek.......................................................................14
2.3 Evaluatiecriteria voor wetenschappelijke kennis..........................................................................................15
causaliteit........................................................................................................................................................17
2.3.3 Vakmanschap als kwaliteit ( constructivisme).......................................................................................17
2.4 Soorten sociaalwetenschappelijk onderzoek................................................................................................18
2.4.1 Toepassingsgebied: theoriegericht vs. praktijkgericht onderzoek........................................................18
2.4.2 Onderzoeksmethodologie: kwantitatief vs. Kwalitatief onderzoek.......................................................19

H3: Filosofische achtergrond: epistemologische beginselen..........................................................................20
3.1 Inleiding.........................................................................................................................................................20
3.2 De ontwikkeling van de epistemologie van de wetenschappen...................................................................20
3.2.1 Empirische natuurwetenschap: naturalisme en empirisme..................................................................20
3.2.2 David Hume’s scepticisme......................................................................................................................21
3.2.3 Wiener Kreis: logisch-positivisme en verificationisme..........................................................................22
3.2.4 Karl Popper: principe van falsificatie......................................................................................................23
3.2.5 Thomas Kuhns paradigma’s...................................................................................................................24
3.2.6 Imre Lakatos: theorie met meerinhoud.................................................................................................24
3.3 Wat met de sociale wetenschappen?...........................................................................................................25
3.3.1 Onderzoeksobject: naturalisme versus constructivisme.......................................................................25
3.3.2 Naturalisme binnen de sociale wetenschappen....................................................................................26
3.3.3 Constructivisme binnen de sociale wetenschappen..............................................................................27

H4: Ethiek in sociaalwetenschappelijk onderzoek......................................................................................... 30
4.1 Inleiding.........................................................................................................................................................30
4.2 Hoe omgaan met deelnemers aan onderzoek?............................................................................................30
4.2.1 Vermijden schade als basisprincipe.......................................................................................................30
4.2.2 Vrijwillige toestemming of ‘informed consent’.....................................................................................31
4.2.3 Privacy, vertrouwelijkheid, anonimiteit.................................................................................................31
4.3 Professionele standaarden en deontologie?.................................................................................................32
4.4 Samenleving en wetenschap?.......................................................................................................................33

H5: Onderzoek ontwerpen: strategie en doelstellingen................................................................................35

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, 5.1 Inleiding.........................................................................................................................................................35
5.2 Het onderzoeksplan......................................................................................................................................35
5.3 Probleemformulering of probleemstelling....................................................................................................36
5.3.1 Algemene vraagstelling en onderzoeksdoelstelling: fundamenteel versus praktijkgericht?................36
5.3.2 Literatuurstudie: status quaestionis – stand van zaken.........................................................................37
5.3.3 Vraagstelling en onderzoeksvragen.......................................................................................................38
5.4 Onderzoeksopzet of (onderzoeks)technisch ontwerp...................................................................................39
5.4.1 Plaats en situatie van waarneming: waar?............................................................................................40
5.4.2 Tijdstip en periode van waarneming: wanneer en hoe lang?................................................................41
5.4.3 Onderzoekseenheden en kenmerken: wie?..........................................................................................41
5.4.4 Methode van waarneming: hoe?...........................................................................................................41
5.4.5 Tijdsplanning en financieel overzicht.....................................................................................................42

H6: Kwantitatieve en kwalitatieve meting.................................................................................................... 44
6.1 Inleiding.........................................................................................................................................................44
6.2 Meten: enkele basisbegrippen......................................................................................................................44
6.2.1 Het meetproces......................................................................................................................................44
6.2.2 Soorten concepten.................................................................................................................................45
6.2.3 Meten: kwantitatieve versus kwalitatieve benaderingen.....................................................................46
6.3 Kwantitatief meten.......................................................................................................................................46
6.3.1 uitgangspunt: klassieke testtheorie.......................................................................................................47
6.3.2 Enkele kenmerken van kwantitatieve variabelen..................................................................................47
6.3.3 Schaaltechnieken...................................................................................................................................48
6.3.4 Operationaliseren van relaties tussen variabelen.................................................................................50
6.3.5 Betrouwbaarheid nagaan?.....................................................................................................................52
6.3.6 Meetgeldigheid nagaan?........................................................................................................................52
6.4 Kwalitatieve meting......................................................................................................................................53
6.4.1 Het open karakter van kwalitatieve benaderingen................................................................................53
6.4.2 Enkele illustraties van kwalitatieve benaderingen.................................................................................54
6.4.3 De kwaliteit van kwalitatieve metingen.................................................................................................55

Hoofdstuk 7. Selectie van onderzoekseenheden: steekproeven....................................................................57
7.1 Inleiding.........................................................................................................................................................57
7.1.1 Onderzoekseenheden, populatie en steekproef...................................................................................57
7.1.2 Steekproeven: twee logica’s van selectie..............................................................................................58
7.2 Toevalsteekproeven......................................................................................................................................59
7.2.1 Stappen bij het trekken van toevalsteekproven....................................................................................59
7.2.2 Types toevalsteekproeven.....................................................................................................................60

1) De enkelvoudige toevalsteekproef (EAS).................................................................................................. 60

2) De gestratificeerde steekproef................................................................................................................. 61

3) De clustersteekproef en tweetrapssteekproef.......................................................................................... 63

4) De tweefasensteekproef.......................................................................................................................... 63
7.2.3 Foutbronnen bij steekproeftrekking......................................................................................................64

1) Dekkingsfouten....................................................................................................................................... 64

2) Steekproeffouten..................................................................................................................................... 64

3) Non-responsfout...................................................................................................................................... 65


2

, 7.2.4 Steekproefgrootte..................................................................................................................................66
7.2.5 Kwantitatieve niet-toevalsteekproeven.................................................................................................67

1) Quotasteekproef...................................................................................................................................... 67

2) Random walk principe.............................................................................................................................. 67

3) Access panels........................................................................................................................................... 67

4) Gelegenheidssteekproef.......................................................................................................................... 68
7.3 Theoretische steekproeven...........................................................................................................................68
7.3.1 De eigenheid van theoretische steekproeftrekking...............................................................................68
7.3.2 Strategieën in theoretische steekproeftrekking....................................................................................68

1) De doelgerichte steekproef...................................................................................................................... 69

2) De sneeuwbalsteekproef.......................................................................................................................... 69

3) De gelegenheidssteekproef...................................................................................................................... 69

H8: Experimentele ontwerpen..................................................................................................................... 71
8.1 Inleiding.........................................................................................................................................................71
8.2 Onderdelen van het klassiek experimentele ontwerp...................................................................................72
8.2.1 Basisschema van klassiek experiment....................................................................................................72
8.2.2 Randomiseren en matchen....................................................................................................................73
8.2.3 Effect van de stimulus............................................................................................................................74
8.2.4 Voormeting.............................................................................................................................................74
8.3 Bedreigingen van de interne geldigheid (= sterkte)......................................................................................77
8.3.1 Buitenexperimentele gebeurtenissen....................................................................................................77
8.3.2 Maturatie of rijping of spontane veranderingen...................................................................................77
8.3.3 Testeffect................................................................................................................................................78
8.3.4 Instrumentatie........................................................................................................................................78
8.3.5 Statistische regressie..............................................................................................................................78
8.3.6 Selectie...................................................................................................................................................78
8.3.7 Uitval......................................................................................................................................................78
8.3.8 Verwachtingen van de onderzoeker......................................................................................................78
8.4 Bedreigingen van de externe geldigheid (= zwakte).....................................................................................79
8.4.1 Populatiegeldigheid................................................................................................................................79
8.4.2 Naturalistische geldigheid......................................................................................................................79
8.5 Alternatieven op de klassieke experimentele ontwerpen.............................................................................80
8.5.1 Quasi-experimentele ontwerpen...........................................................................................................80

4) 8.5.1.1 Tijdreeksontwerp......................................................................................................................... 80

5) 8.5.1.2 Niet-equivalent ontwerp met vergelijkingsgroep...........................................................................81

6) 8.5.1.3 Afzonderlijke-steekproef ontwerp met voor- en nameting............................................................82
8.5.2 Pre-experimentele ontwerpen...............................................................................................................82

7) 8.5.2.1 Groep met alleen nameting.......................................................................................................... 82

8) 8.5.2.2 Groep met voor-en nameting........................................................................................................ 83

9) 8.5.2.3 Bestaande groepen met alleen nameting......................................................................................83
8.6 Ethische bekommernissen.............................................................................................................................83

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