Class notes
Lecture notes, Principles of Virology, VIR21303
- Course
- Institution
A summary of all the given lectures during the course.
[Show more]
Seller
Follow
célinebrouwerswur
Content preview
Lecture 1 part 1Examples of viruses
➢ Smallpox
○ very old virus
○ Eradicated by vaccination (1967-1980 campaign)
➢ Poliomyelitis
○ very old virus
○ Caused by poliovirus, belonging to the family Picornaviridae
○ course of infection
■ infection via mouth
■ replication in the small intestine
■ Lymphnodes and bloodstream
■ Nerve infection: replication, intraneuronal spread
■ Excretion of virus in feces
○ paralysis, death, iron lungs
➢ Rinderpest
○ 90% of cattle died
➢ Measles
➢ Herpes virus infections
○ Chickenpox
○ shingles (girdle herpes)
○ fever blisters
➢ Human papillomavirus
○ HPV (genital) wart virus
○ Sexually transmitted
○ Some variants however cause (cervical) cancer
➢ HIV
○ It can lead to AIDS
○ Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome: The virus targets the immune
system
General information viruses
➢ Virus = Smallest genetic entitiy
➢ All organisms have viruses
➢ Most viruses are found in surface water
➢ Adolf Mayer → found the first virus → tobacco mosaic disease
➢ very big variance in the genome sizes
inert
= inactive / non-moving
,The minimal virus
● DNA‐ or RNA‐polymerase → multiplication of RNA or DNA genome
● Coat or capsid protein → protection or host interactions
Shapes
Viral envelope
= A lipid bilayer/membrane with transmembrane proteins (spikes) pointing
outwards
, Lecture 1 part 2
Methods used in virology
Methods for generation and quantification of viruses
➢ Cultivation in host
○ whole organism
○ embryonated eggs
○ cell culture
→ Types of cell culture: primary culture and
immortalize line
➢ Isolation
○ Plaque purification (also used for quantification)
○ Centrifugation → Differential (low/high speed) or
density gradient (sucrose)
➢ Quantification
○ Real-time PCR
○ EPDA (End Point Dilution assay): TCID50 assay
Methods for structural investigation
➢ Localization and accumulation
○ Light microscopy → stain
○ Fluorescence microscopy → GFP fused protein
➢ Structure (3D)
○ Electron microscopy (scanning and transmission)
○ X-ray crystallography
○ NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance)
○ AFM (atomic force microscopy)
Methods for detection
➢ CPE
= cytopathic effect
= structural changes in host cells that are caused by viral invasion
➢ Microscopy-immunodetection
○ Immunostaining, immunofluorescence
○ ELISA
○ Western blot analysis
➢ Antigens-antibodies
○ Hemagglutination assay
= surface projections of viruses leads to
crosslinking of red blood cells. can be quantified
by making serial dilutions of the virus sample
➢ NATs = nucleic acid tests
NA is first extracted and purified, then detected using
PCR
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller célinebrouwerswur. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $6.35. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
59804 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 15 years now