Bovine Muscles, Tendons and Ligaments

How is gastrocnemius rupture diagnosed? - pathognomonic How is gastrocnemius rupture treated? - close confinement, limbs splinted in extension How is hock cellulitis/bursitis/trauma diagnosed? - straightforward swollen and damaged hock in winter housed animals How is hock cellulitis/bursitis/trauma prevented? - identify and correct underlying cause (coarse sawdust, hard/abrasive mattress, sparse bedding) How is spastic paresis diagnosed? - pathognomonic How is spastic paresis prevented? - hereditary predisposition, affected animals should not be used for breeding What are features of carpal bursitis? - similar to hock bursitis in aetiology and presentation common in winter housed cattle resolves in summer months large swollen carpi if severe, lesions can be aseptically drained