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Samenvatting Theoretische Criminologie (Literatuur + hoorcolleges + werkgroepen)
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Samenvatting van het vak Theoretische Criminologie, bestaande uit aantekeningen van de literatuur, hoorcolleges en werkgroepen.
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Week 1Hoorcollege 1
,Hoofdstuk 1
Social experiences shape the ways in which people come to think about crime.
Classical school: emphasized the rejection of spiritual or religious explanations of crime in favor of the
view that offenders use their reason – the assessment of costs and benefits – in deciding wheter a
potential criminal act pays and should be pursued.
Positivist school: emphasized the scientific study of criminals.
- Lombroso.
Week 2
Hoofdstuk 2
Crimewarps: the bends in today’s trends that will affect the way we live tomorrow.
The problem with spiritualistic explanations is that they cannot be tested scientifically. Because the
cause of crime, according to this theory, is otherworldly, it cannot be verified empirically.
Natural explanations: modern theories of crime and social order, that rely on explanations that are based
on the real world.
Classical school
- Emphasis on the individual criminal as a person capable of calculating what he wants to do.
o Kosten-baten en eigen wil om keuzes te maken.
Beccaria:
1. To escape war and chaos, individuals gave up some of their liberty and established a contractual
society.
2. Because criminal laws placed restrictions on individual freedoms, the should be restricted in
scope.
, 3. The presumption of innocence should be the guiding principle in the administration of justice,
and at al stages of the justice process the rights of all parties involved should be protected.
4. The complete criminal law code should be written and should define all offenses and
punishments in advance.
5. Punishments should be based on retributive reasoning because the guilty had attacked another
individual’s rights.
6. The severity of the punishment should be limited and should not go beyond what is necessary
for crime prevention and deterrence.
7. Criminal punishment should correspond with the seriousness of the crime. -> the punishment
should fit the crime not the criminal.
8. Punishment must be a certainty and should be inflicted quickly.
9. Punishment should not be administered to set an example and should not be concerned with
reforming the offender.
10. The offender should be viewed as an independent and reasonable person who weighed the
consequences if the crime.
11. The aim of every good system of legislation is the prevention of crime.
Hoofdstuk 12
Hallmarks of conservative theorizing:
- A denial that crime has any “root causes” – that criminal behavior is caused by structural
arrangements in society.
- In solving the crime problem, the focus is on placing more restraints or controls on individuals.
Hoorcollege 2
Klassieke school -> kosten en baten (ratio en reden).
- Iedereen moet gelijk behandeld worden.
- Strafhoogtes moeten net hoog genoeg zijn om te voorkomen dat mensen dat gedrag gaan
vertonen.
Criminality = eigenschap
Crime = gebeurtenis
Rationele keuze theorie (cornish en clarke):
- Microbenadering.
- Event vs. Involvement decisions.
- Afschrikking:
o Zwaarte.
o Zekerheid.
o Snelheid.
- Kritiek: rationaliteit bij daders is vaak beperkt, waardoor ze geen kosten-baten afweging maken.
o Bounded rationality:
Beperkte informatie.
(tijds)druk.
Gebrekkige planning.
, Geen lange termijn perspectief.
Crime scripts.
Situational crime preventie: criminaliteit kan het best verminderd worden door de gelegenheid te
beperken.
- Voort vloeit uit de rationele keuze theorie.
- Gelegenheid beperken door:
o Criminaliteit minder lonend maken.
o Risico om gepakt te worden vergroten.
o De inspanning vergroten.
Eye of the beholder: “recent rational choice perspectives argue that offender decisions are based on the
perceived effort and rewards in comparison to the consequences of committing the crime, including the
likelihood of and the severity of punishment.”
Routine activiteiten theorie: waarom ontstaan gelegenheden?
Door de routines van mensen.
- Macrobenadering.
- Gemotiveerde dader (iedereen), geen capable guardian (mens of object), geschikt doelwit (mens
of object).
- Wanneer is iets een geschikt doelwit:
o Value, inertia, visibility, accessibility.
Crime triangle (Eck).
- Microbenadering.
- Capable guardian wordt opgedeeld in drie controlleurs.
o Handler: houdt toezicht op de dader.
o Manager: houdt de locatie in de gaten.
o Guardian: beschermt het doelwit (mens of object).
Pattern theory: criminaliteit vindt daar plaats waar daders en slachtoffers/targets bij elkaar komen in tijd
en plaats binnen de awareness space van de dader, die is opgevouwd rondom knooppunten in de
routine activiteiten van de dader (en waar deze mogelijkheid door andere facetten minimaal beperkt
wordt).
- Op basis van de bekendheid met het gebied kiest de dader zijn target.
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