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Unit 11 C - Genetics and Genetic Engineering
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Unit 11CInheritance
If you're looking to a group of people, you can see that each
one of them is unique
Each person has taken something from their parent to look that
unique even if we are all similar in the organic and how we are
built but we are unique in our way,
Discontinuous variation: this is where are distinct phenotypes
and no intermediates often only one gene with different alleles
can be involved. Example the shape of ear lobes in humans.
Continuous variations: this is where there are many types of
phenotypes and they are mostly effective on the high, skin
colour and intelligence of the human and this is not only caused
by the genes but also from the environment.
Investigation monohybrid inheritance in maize
Purple is the dominant trait (P)
Yellow is the recessive trait (p)
Dominant: is the allele that is 100% expressed when carried
by only one of a pair of homologous chromosomes
Recessive: describe a trait or an allele that is expressed only
when two recessive alleles for the same characteristic are
inherited
Chi square is a test that measure how a model compares the
expected vs observed
Method:
Start by counting the purple and the yellow kernels in the two
corns this monohybrid cross is the hybrid of two individuals
with homozygous genotypes which result in the opposite
phenotype for a certain genetic trait.
Result table:
Purple Yellow Ratio p : y
,Corn 1 514 188 3:1
Corn 2 278 281 1:1
Corn 1 Pp Pp
P p
P Pp Pp
p Pp pp
Ratio 3:1
Because the Chi-squared value is below the crucial value, we
accept the null hypothesis. This suggests that any noticeable
variation is the result of chance.
This corn show you how is applied the law of segregation on the
corn
The Law of Segregation
A specific gene duplicates randomly selected in each gamete
that an organism produces. The segregation law is what is
known as. A Punnett square can be used to estimate the
genotypes and phenotypes of progeny from genetic crossings.
This law is shown as purple and yellow in the corn because both
parents are heterozygous therefore the ratio is 3 to 1.
in corn 1, the observed and expected values were different.
This could happen, for example, because of random
fertilisation. At this stage, the male and female gametes unite,
, and the offspring are chosen at random from a gene pool. Both
gametes produced when a male and a female gamete finally
merge are indeed the product of an infinite number of genetic
variants produced by independent collecting and cross-
pollination. Living creatures that are diploid have 23 pairs of
chromosomes. However, even if there was no crossing over,
meiosis I's independent assortment might still produce 223 or
8.4 million gametes. Every different chromosome crosses two
to three times, and one-of-a-kind crossovers happen during
each meiotic division, therefore it is very possible that different
gametes will be produced. Because there are so many possible
outcomes, the fact that the offspring are produced randomly
makes it much more difficult for the actual and expected
outcomes to align. The difference between what is anticipated
and what has been observed is too great. In corn 1, this may
have occurred, causing the observed value to be 514 in purple
and 188 in yellow rather than the expected value of 526.5 in
purple and 175.5bin yellow.
Corn 2 Pp pp
P p
p Pp pp
p Pp pp
Ratio 1:1
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