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Class notes Chemistry Notes - Titration, Spectroscopy (AC102)
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Complete notes on atoms, molecules, thermodynamics, chemistry
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Contents
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1 Atoms and Molecules .................................................................................... 111
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Wave Mechanical Concept of Atom .................................................................................... 1
Application of Schrödinger Equation ................................................................................. 6
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Probability Distribution ...................................................................................................... 7
Exercises ............................................................................................................................. 11
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2 Valency and Chemical Bonding .............................................................. 1242
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Electronegativity ............................................................................................................... 14
Hydrogen Bond .................................................................................................................. 15
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Dipole Moment .................................................................................................................. 16
Chemical Bonding (Wave-Mechanical Concept) .............................................................. 18
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VSEPR Theory and Molecular Model .............................................................................. 25
Aromatic Character ........................................................................................................... 33
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Short Questions and Answers .......................................................................................... 35
Exercises ............................................................................................................................. 41
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3 Nuclear Chemistry ...................................................................................... 4367
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Radioactivity ...................................................................................................................... 43
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Nuclear Fission .................................................................................................................. 47
Nuclear Reactors ............................................................................................................... 50
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Uses of Radioisotopes ........................................................................................................ 53
Short Questions and Answers .......................................................................................... 62
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Exercises ............................................................................................................................. 65
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4 Thermodynamics ....................................................................................... 68103
The First Law of Thermodynamics .................................................................................. 70
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Thermochemistry .............................................................................................................. 80
Bond Energy ...................................................................................................................... 83
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Second Law of Thermodynamics ...................................................................................... 84
Third Law of Thermodynamics ........................................................................................ 87
Short Questions and Answers .......................................................................................... 98
Exercises ........................................................................................................................... 100
5 Reaction Dynamics/Chemical Kinetics ............................................. 104136
Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 104
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Mathematical Formulation of First Order Reaction ..................................................... 106
Mathematical Formulation of a Second Order Reaction .............................................. 108
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Third Order Reaction ...................................................................................................... 111
Disturbing Factors in the Determination of an Order .................................................. 116
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Collision Theory ............................................................................................................... 120
Solved Examples .............................................................................................................. 121
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Short Questions ............................................................................................................... 131
Short Questions and Answers ........................................................................................ 131
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Exercises ........................................................................................................................... 135
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6 Catalyst ......................................................................................................137149
Catalyst ............................................................................................................................ 137
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Definition ......................................................................................................................... 137
Types of Catalyst ............................................................................................................. 138
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Short Questions and Answers ........................................................................................ 143
Catalytic Applications of Organometallic Complexes ................................................... 145
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Exercises ........................................................................................................................... 148
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7 Mechanism of Organic Reactions ....................................................... 150183
Reaction Types ................................................................................................................. 150
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Energy Changes During the Progress of a Reaction ..................................................... 153
Resonance ........................................................................................................................ 157
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Steric Hindrance .............................................................................................................. 158
Isomerism......................................................................................................................... 160
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R-S System of Nomenclature .......................................................................................... 166
E and Z Nomenclature .................................................................................................... 170
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Short Questions and Answers ........................................................................................ 171
Exercises ........................................................................................................................... 182
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8 Ionic Equilibrium .................................................................................... 184203
Law of Mass Action and Ionisation ................................................................................ 184
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Acids and Bases ............................................................................................................... 185
pH Scale ........................................................................................................................... 187
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Buffer Solutions ............................................................................................................... 189
Solubility Product ............................................................................................................ 192
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Solved Examples .............................................................................................................. 195
Short Questions and Answers ........................................................................................ 197
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Exercises ........................................................................................................................... 202
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9 Electrochemistry ..................................................................................... 204229
Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 204
Electrolysis ....................................................................................................................... 204
Faradays Law of Electrolysis ......................................................................................... 205
Relative Speeds of Ions During Electrolysis (Transport Number) ............................... 208
Determination of Transport Number (Hittorfs Method) .............................................. 210
Specific Conductance ....................................................................................................... 211
Conductometric Titration ............................................................................................... 217
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Solved Examples .............................................................................................................. 219
Short Questions and Answers ........................................................................................ 223
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Exercises ........................................................................................................................... 228
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10 Electrochemical Cells ............................................................................. 230265
Electrode Potential .......................................................................................................... 230
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Interpretation of the Electrochemical Series ................................................................ 234
Latimer Diagram ............................................................................................................. 235
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Frost Diagram .................................................................................................................. 237
Concentration Cell ........................................................................................................... 239
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Indicator Electrodes ........................................................................................................ 242
Battery ............................................................................................................................. 248
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Solved Examples .............................................................................................................. 252
Short Questions and Answers ........................................................................................ 256
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Exercises ........................................................................................................................... 263
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11 Phase Rule ................................................................................................. 266277
Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 266
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The Phase Rule ................................................................................................................ 267
The Water System ........................................................................................................... 268
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Sulphur System ............................................................................................................... 269
Eutectic Systems ............................................................................................................. 271
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Tin-Magnesium System .................................................................................................. 273
Iron-Carbon Alloy System............................................................................................... 273
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Solved Problem ................................................................................................................ 275
Short Questions and Answers ........................................................................................ 275
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Exercises ........................................................................................................................... 277
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12 Colloids ....................................................................................................... 278291
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Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 278
Classification of Colloids ................................................................................................. 278
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Preparation of Colloidal Solutions ................................................................................. 280
Purification of Colloidal Solutions .................................................................................. 282
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Properties of Colloidal Solutions .................................................................................... 283
Coagulation of Colloids ................................................................................................... 285
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Protection of Colloid ........................................................................................................ 286
Application of Colloids..................................................................................................... 288
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Short Questions and Answers ........................................................................................ 289
Exercises ........................................................................................................................... 290
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13 Transition Metal Chemistry ................................................................. 292307
Transition Metals ............................................................................................................ 292
Crystal Field Theory (CFT)............................................................................................. 303
Short Questions and Answers ........................................................................................ 306
Exercises ........................................................................................................................... 307
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14 Metallurgy ................................................................................................. 308328
Introduction to the Study of Metals ............................................................................... 308
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Common Minerals ........................................................................................................... 309
Ores .................................................................................................................................. 311
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Fluxes ............................................................................................................................... 313
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Furnaces ........................................................................................................................... 314
Powder Metallurgy .......................................................................................................... 320
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Some Specific Examples of Extraction of Metals .......................................................... 322
Exercises ........................................................................................................................... 326
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15 Adhesives ................................................................................................... 329337
Adhesives ......................................................................................................................... 329
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Adhesive Strength Development .................................................................................... 330
Technique of Bonding ...................................................................................................... 331
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Classification of Adhesives ............................................................................................. 333
Short Questions and Answers ........................................................................................ 336
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Exercises ........................................................................................................................... 336
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16 Explosives and Propellants ..................................................................338349
Explosives ........................................................................................................................ 338
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Classification of Explosives ............................................................................................. 339
Manufacture of Important Explosives ........................................................................... 343
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Propellants ....................................................................................................................... 345
Short Questions and Answers ........................................................................................ 348
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Exercises ........................................................................................................................... 348
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17 Water Treatment ..................................................................................... 350378
Sources of Water .............................................................................................................. 350
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Hardness of Water ........................................................................................................... 351
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Sludge and Scale Formation in Boilers .......................................................................... 352
Softening of Water ........................................................................................................... 356
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Cold lime-Soda Process ................................................................................................... 357
Hot lime-Soda Process ..................................................................................................... 358
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Permutit or Zeolite Process............................................................................................. 359
Ion Exchange or Demineralization ................................................................................. 360
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Treatment of Water for Domestic Use ........................................................................... 362
Chemical Analysis of Water ............................................................................................ 366
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Short Questions and Answers ........................................................................................ 372
Exercises ........................................................................................................................... 375
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Problems ........................................................................................................................... 377
18 Fuels and Combustion ........................................................................... 379414
Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 379
Calorific Value ................................................................................................................. 379
Solid Fuels ........................................................................................................................ 383
Liquid Fuels ..................................................................................................................... 390
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