New Grade 9-1 Edexcel International GCSE Chemistry
Here is a lovely colourful starter of ICT created revision notes which cover atomic structure and the definition of ionic bonding. Perfect for those at Foundation level of their IGCSE or GCSE
All atoms of a particular element have the same number of protons.!
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This number is called the atomic number.!
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Therefore the atomic number determines what the element is.
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! Mass number!
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! (total number of
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! protons and
! neutrons)
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Atomic number!
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(number of protons !
and number of !
electrons) !
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How to find the proton, electron and neutron number in an element:!
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Protons: Same as atomic number (bottom number)!
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Electrons: Same as atomic number (bottom number)!
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Neutrons: Mass number - atomic number (top - bottom number= neutron)!
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Protons are positively
! Neutrons have no Electrons are negatively
charged.
! charge. charged.
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,Atoms!
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In an atom, a proton and a neutron are about 1800 times the
mass than an electron.!
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Most of an atom is an empty space. !
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This is because the electrons orbit a large distance away from the nucleus.!
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Particle Mass Charge Where it is found
Proton 1 +1 In the nucleus
Electron 1/1836 -1 Orbiting the nucleus
Neutron 1 0 In the nucleus
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, Energy levels of electron shells!
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Electrons are arranged into shells around the nucleus. Each shell is at a particular
energy level.!
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The 1st shell can hold 2 electrons!
The 2nd shell can hold 8 electrons!
The 3rd shell can hold 8 electrons!
The 4th shell can hold 2 electrons!
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Examples of electron shell arrangements:!
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Li= 2,1 ! ! ! ! Na= 2, 8, 1! ! ! ! !
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Isotopes!
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All atoms of a particular element have the same number of protons. E.g) if an atom has 6 protons,
then it must be carbon.!
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Isotopes of the same element have a different number of neutrons. This means they also have a
different mass number.!
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Basic definition: Isotopes are the same element, but different ‘versions’. They
have different mass and atomic numbers because the neutron number changed.
Carbon with a mass of: 12 and an atomic number of: 6 is normal.!
An isotope of carbon would have a mass of: 13 and an atomic number of: 6. This
is because the proton number hasn’t changed, but there has been a neutron
added.
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