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Samenvatting VSV1 - Casus 1 Ptosis

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Uitgebreide samenvatting Verworven Scheelzien 1 (VSV1) Casus 1 Ptosis. Orthoptie leerjaar jaar 2. De samenvatting gaat over verschillende oorzaken van ptosis, onder andere N.III parese, Myasthenia Gravis, CPEO en Horner.

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  • February 9, 2023
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Samenvatting VSV1 – Casus 1: Ptosis
VSV 1 - Casus 1 WC - MG-CPEO..............................................................................................................5
Myasthenia Gravis Etiologie...............................................................................................................5
Problemen interactie motoreindplaat en de spiervezel.................................................................6
Kenmerken.....................................................................................................................................8
Symptomen en tekens....................................................................................................................8
Oculair........................................................................................................................................8
Systemisch................................................................................................................................10
Classificatie..................................................................................................................................11
Pediatrisch................................................................................................................................11
Volwassenen............................................................................................................................11
Medicamenteus........................................................................................................................12
Zwangerschap...............................................................................................................................12
Gezondheid baby.....................................................................................................................12
Orthoptisch onderzoek.................................................................................................................13
Behandeling..................................................................................................................................16
Systemisch................................................................................................................................16
..................................................................................................................................................16
Oculair......................................................................................................................................17
Niet operatief.......................................................................................................................17
Operatief..............................................................................................................................17
Lambert-Eaton myasthenisch syndroom (LEMS)..............................................................................18
Etiologie........................................................................................................................................18
Kenmerken..................................................................................................................................18
Botulinetoxine A...............................................................................................................................19
Werking........................................................................................................................................19
Collateral axonal sprouting...........................................................................................................20
Chronische progressieve externe opthalmoplegie (CPEO)...............................................................21
Kenmerken...................................................................................................................................21
Pathologie....................................................................................................................................21
Klinische syndromen geassocieerd met CPEO.................................................................................21
Kearns Sayre syndroom................................................................................................................22
Differentiaal diagnosis..................................................................................................................22
Beheer..........................................................................................................................................23
Differentiaal diagnose tabel – CPEO, Kearns – Sayre syndroom en Myasthenia Gravis....................24



1

,WC1 - Hoofdcasus CBL - Introductie n.III..............................................................................................25
N.III palsy..........................................................................................................................................25
Anatomie Oculomotorius (N.III)........................................................................................................25
The oculomotor nucleus...............................................................................................................25
The oculomotor zenuw fascicle....................................................................................................25
De subarachnoïdale ruimte..........................................................................................................26
De sinus cavernosus......................................................................................................................26
De orbita.......................................................................................................................................26
Etiologie............................................................................................................................................26
Topografische diagnose van verworven N.III palsy...........................................................................27
Laesies in de oculomotor nerve nucleus.......................................................................................27
Etiologie nucleaire N.III palsy...................................................................................................28
Laesies in de oculomotor zenuw fascicle......................................................................................28
Etiologie van de fasciculaire N.III palsy.....................................................................................29
Laesies in de subarachnoïdale ruimte...........................................................................................29
Oorzaken geïsoleerde verwijde en slecht reagerende pupil met normale oogbewegingen en
positie van het ooglid...............................................................................................................29
Oorzaken N.III palsy met pupilbetrokkenheid..........................................................................29
Oorzaken N.III palsy met pupilsparing.....................................................................................30
Laesies in de sinus cavernosus en superiore orbitale spleet.........................................................30
Oorzaken...............................................................................................................................31
Laesies in de orbita.......................................................................................................................31
Pathologische processen van onzekere of variabele locatie.........................................................31
Congenitale N.III palsy......................................................................................................................31
Congenitale adductie palsy met synergistische divergentie.........................................................32
Verticale retractie syndroom........................................................................................................32
Oculomotorische parese met cyclische spasmes (cyclische oculomotorische palsy)....................32
Kenmerken N.III palsy.......................................................................................................................33
Oogbeweging beperkingen in N.III parese....................................................................................34
Onderzoek bij verworven N.III parese..............................................................................................35
Doorverwijzen N.III parese...........................................................................................................35
Classificatie N.III parese....................................................................................................................36
Complete N.III parese...................................................................................................................36
Incomplete N.III parese.................................................................................................................36
Pareses van groepen spieren (afgesplitste parese)...................................................................36
Complete N.III parese.......................................................................................................................37



2

, Kenmerken...................................................................................................................................37
Beheer..........................................................................................................................................37
Niet chirurgische behandeling......................................................................................................37
Chirurgische behandeling.............................................................................................................39
Totale palsy...............................................................................................................................39
Partiële palsy............................................................................................................................39
Incomplete N.III parese....................................................................................................................40
Superiore tak parese.....................................................................................................................40
Kenmerken...............................................................................................................................40
Niet chirurgische behandeling.................................................................................................40
Chirurgische behandeling.........................................................................................................41
Inferiore tak parese......................................................................................................................41
Kenmerken...............................................................................................................................41
Beheer......................................................................................................................................41
Niet chirurgische behandeling..................................................................................................41
Chirurgische behandeling.........................................................................................................41
N.III parese waarbij afzonderlijke spieren zijn aangetast..............................................................42
Rectus medialis.........................................................................................................................42
Kenmerken...........................................................................................................................42
Niet chirurgische behandeling..............................................................................................42
Chirurgische behandeling.....................................................................................................42
Rectus inferior..........................................................................................................................43
Kenmerken...........................................................................................................................43
Niet chirurgische behandeling..............................................................................................43
Chirurgische behandeling.....................................................................................................43
Rectus superior.........................................................................................................................43
Differentiaal diagnose van rectus superior parese en contralaterale obliques superior
parese...................................................................................................................................43
Obliques inferior.......................................................................................................................45
Kenmerken...........................................................................................................................45
Niet chirurgische behandeling..............................................................................................45
Chirurgische behandeling.....................................................................................................45
Differentiaal diagnose van obliques inferior parese en Brown’s syndroom..........................45
Afwijkende regeneratie (aberante regeneratie / misleidings syndroom).........................................46
Etiologie........................................................................................................................................46
Incidentie......................................................................................................................................46



3

, Kenmerken...................................................................................................................................46
Beheer..........................................................................................................................................46
Samenvattingstabel N.III behandeling..............................................................................................48
WC2 - Partiële III - Myasthenia Gravis - Horner....................................................................................49
Syndroom van Horner......................................................................................................................49
Kenmerken...................................................................................................................................49
Oorzaken......................................................................................................................................49
Tabel - Oorzaken problemen welke neuron innervatie............................................................50
Onderzoeken................................................................................................................................51
Diagnostische druppels.............................................................................................................51
Resultaten.............................................................................................................................51
MRI scan...................................................................................................................................52
Amblyopie.....................................................................................................................................52




4

,VSV 1 - Casus 1 WC - MG-CPEO
Myasthenia Gravis

Etiologie
Myasthenie is een auto-immuunziekte. Normaal gesproken komt acetylcholine (de
neurotransmitter) vrij uit het eindgedeelte van het motoraxon bij de synaptische spleet.
Acetylcholine bindt zich aan de receptorplaatsen op de motorische eindplaat, waardoor een
depolariserende golf zich langs het prikkelbare membraan van de spier verspreidt, wat
resulteert in spiercontractie.
Patiënten die myasthenie ontwikkelen door antilichamen, voorkomen dat acetylcholine bindt
en verminderen zo de effectiviteit van de neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine blijft vrijkomen in
een poging de spiercontractuur in stand te houden, totdat de voorraden uitgeput zijn, en
vandaar de kenmerkende vroege spiervermoeidheid ontstaat. Structurele veranderingen
volgen, met verlies van receptorplaatsen op het post-synaptische membraan. Ze bereiken
een stadium waarin, zelfs als er voldoende hoeveelheden acetylcholine beschikbaar zouden
zijn, de spier niet langer in staat zou zijn om het te binden en samen te trekken.
In het serum van ongeveer 80-90% van de patiënten met gegeneraliseerde myasthenie
kunnen anilichamen op de receptor worden gedetecteerd, maar slechts bij 40-50% van de
patiënten met oculaire myasthenie. Extra-oculaire spieren kunnen bij voorkeur worden
gebruikt om een van de volgende drie mogelijke redenen:
- Hun hogere vuursnelheid, met een lagere concentratie van receptoren, resulteert in
een vroege uiting van elke zwakte.
- Een verhoogde gevoeligheid van de neuromusculaire overgang in de extra-oculaire
spier.
- Verschillende circulerende antilichamen zijn bij voorkeur gericht op specifieke
plaatsen op de extra-oculaire spieren.




5

, Problemen interactie motoreindplaat en de spiervezel

1. Acetylcholinereceptor antilichamen (85%) (complementactivatie)
- Het immuunsysteem maakt acetylcholinereceptoren antilichamen aan. Deze
antilichamen binden de postsynaptische
neuromusculaire junction receptoren of de
acetylcholinereceptoren en blokkeren de
receptoren. Dit voorkomt dat acetylcholine wordt
gestimuleerd en er worden minder/geen
spiercontractie veroorzaakt.
- Als er meer receptoren worden gebruikt tijdens
inspanning, worden er meer geblokkeerd. Dit
resulteert in minder effectieve stimulatie van de
spier met verminderde activiteit.
- Er is meer spierzwakte wanneer er meer spieren
worden gebruikt.
- De acetylcholinereceptoren antilichamen activeren ook het ‘activate complement
system’ binnen de neuromusculaire junction en dit leidt tot schade aan de cellen op
de postsynaptische membraan.




2. Muscle specific Kknase (musk) antilichamen (10%) (degeneratie van
de chemische kanaaltjes door cross-links)
- Belangrijke eiwitten voor de aanmaak en organisatie van de
acetylcholine receptoren.
- Verwoesting van deze eiwitten door antilichamen leidt tot het
maken en organiseren van inadequate acetylcholine
receptoren.




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