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Kennisclips ziekte en medicijnen

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GEO2-2215 NWI- Ziekte En Medicijnen

Institution
Universiteit Utrecht (UU)

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Uploaded on February 11, 2023
Number of pages 59
Written in 2022/2023
Type Class notes
Professor(s) Wouter boon
Contains All classes

medicijnontwikkeling
ziekte
medicijnen
kennisclips

Institution
Universiteit Utrecht (UU)
Education
Natuurwetenschap En Innovatiemanagement
Course
GEO2-2215 NWI- Ziekte En Medicijnen

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Kennisclips ziekte & medicijnen

Introduction to infectious diseases
– Definitions
 Disease = a pathological condition of body parts or tissues characterized by an
identifiable group of signs and symptoms
 Infectious disease = disease caused by an infectious agent such as a
bacterium, virus, protozoan or fungus that can be passed on to others
 Infection = occurs when an infectious agent enters the body and begins to
reproduce; may or may not lead to disease
 Pathogen = an infectious agent that causes disease
 Host = an organism infected by another organism
 Virulence = the relative ability of an agent to cause rapid and severe disease
in a host.
– Koch’s postulates = demonstrating that a disease is caused by a particular agent
 Specific agent must be associated with every case of disease
 The agent must be isolated from a diseased host and grown in culture
 When the culture-grown agent is introduced into a healthy susceptible host,
the agent must cause the same disease
 The same agent must again be isolated from the infected experimental host
– Infectious disease agents
 Most infectious agents that cause disease are microscopic in size  microbes
 Not all microbes are bad  digestive system
 Groups of agents;
 Bacteria
 Viruses
 Protozoa
 Fungi
 Helminths
 Transmission of infectious diseases  agents that cause infectious diseases
can be transmitted in many ways
 Air
 Body fluids
 Contaminated objects or food
 Animal vectors
– Phases of infectious disease
 Incubation period = time between infection and the appearance of signs and
symptoms  can be contagious
 Prodromal phase = mild, nonspecific symptoms that signal onset of some
diseases
 Clinical phase = a person experiences typical signs and symptoms of disease
 Decline phase = subsidence of symptoms
 Recovery phase = symptoms have disappeared, tissues heal, and the body
regains strength
– Classification of infectious disease
 By duration
 Acute  develops and runs its course quickly

,  Chronic  develops more slowly and is usually less severe, but may
persist for a long indefinite period of time
 Latent  characterized by periods of no symptoms between
outbreaks of illness
 By location
 Local  confined to a specific area of the body
 Systemic  a generalized illness that infects most of the body with
pathogens distributed widely in tissues
 By timing
 Primary  initial infection in a preciously healthy person
 Secondary  infection that occurs in a person weakened by a primary
infection.
– How infectious agents cause disease
 Production of poisons, such as toxins and enzymes, that destroy cells and
tissues.
 Direct invasion and destruction of host cells
 Triggering responses from the host’s immune system leading to disease signs
and symptoms
– Reducing the spread of infectious diseases
 Vaccines
 Most effective to prevent the spread
 Weakened of just components of the pathogen  stimulating the
immune system to fight of infection
 Antimicrobial drugs
 Antibiotics work only for some types of infections
 Not for viral infections
 Bacteria are becoming more resistant
 Good personal hygiene and sanitation
 Protection against mosquitoes
 Quarantine
– Emerging infectious diseases
 Emerging diseases are those that have recently appeared within a population,
or whose incidence or geographic range is increasing rapidly
 Disease can emerge or re-emerge due to;
 Appearance of a previously unknown agent
 Evolution of a new infectious agent
 Spread of an infectious agent to a new host
 Spread of an infectious agent to new locations
 Acquisition of resistance to antic-microbial drugs
 Deliberate introduction into a population
Kanker
– Tumoren
 Aandoening die wordt gekenmerkt doordat cellen zich onbeheerst blijven
vermenigvuldigen en vervolgens infiltreren in het omliggende weefsel
 Ongecontroleerde en autonome deling van eigen lichaamscellen leidt tot
tumoren  goed of kwaadaardig
 Goedaardige tumor

,  Langzame groeisnelheid
 Expansieve groeiwijze
 Duidelijke begrenzing
 Geen uitzaaiing
 Hoge differentiatie
 Kwaadaardige tumor
 Tegenovergesteld van goedaardige tumor
 Infiltratieve groeiwijze
 Infiltrerende tumor
 Cel afbakening is rommelig
 Geen duidelijke begrenzing
 Metastasering = uitzaaiing
 Nieuw gezwel op een andere plek
 Gaan vaak uit vanuit een enkele cel
 Kan via bloed en lymfevaten
 Overlevingskansen zijn significant toegenomen
 Dankzij veel aandacht en onderzoek
 Aantallen zullen blijven stijgen
 Onderliggende oorzaken van kanker niet aangepakt  ongezonde
levensstijl
– Soorten tumor en classificatie
 Carcniomen uit eptiheel = tumoren in de bovenste laag van huid en slijmvlies
 Sarcomen uit steunweefsel = tumoren die voorkomen in bot, bind, vet en
spierweefsel
 Maligne lymfomen uit lymfeweefsel  bijvoorbeeld leukemie (bloedkankers)
 Blastomen uit cellen van zich ontwikkelend weefsel = blasten zijn cellen
waaruit andere cellen zich ontwikkelen  vaak erfelijk
 Kiemceltumoren uit kiemcellen
 Gevolgen van kankers
 Weefselbeschadiging met secundaire functies
 Vaatwandbeschadiging met bloeding
 Doorgroei van tumor in buikholte etc. met infecties
 Obstructies van organen; longen, darmen, etc.
 Algemene verschijnselen; gewichtsverlies, koorts anemie, etc.
– Oorzaken van kanker
 Soort genetische ziekte  genetische mutaties leiden ertoe dat cellen sneller
gaan delen of de groei niet wordt geremd
 Kan verworven zijn; ioniserende straling, chemische carcinogenen o.i.d.
 Genen kunnen ook een rol spelen; grotere kansen
 Proto-oncogenen
 Zorgen vaak voor de overdracht van groeisignalen van cel naar cel
 Door mutatie kan een proto-oncogen voortdurend aan blijven staan
en oncogen worden
 Activiteiten van oncogenen; overproductie groeifactoren,
veranderende receptor, foute signaaltransductie, veranderende
transcriptiefactoren
 Tumorsuppressorgenen

,  Belemmeren de celdeling
 Mechanismen: productie eiwitten die celdeling remmen, onderbreken
signaaltransductie, wegvangen Ras, remmen transcriptie
 Introductie van deze genen kan ongeremd deling remmen
 Bescherming tegen onbehouwen celdeling
 Apoptose-cellen = zelfmoord door beschadigde cellen
 DNA-repairgenen  zorgen dat mutaties in DNA worden hersteld
 Detectiemethoden voor kanker
 Genetische testen
 Betere beeldvormen  CT-scan, radiodiagnostistiek
 Tumormerkers
 Klassieke kankertherapie
 Chirurgie = weghalen van de tumoren en kankercellen
 Bestraling = radiotherapie, doden van kankercellen door ioniserende
straling
 Chemotherapie
 Nieuw doelwitten kankertherapie: angiogenese en immuuntherapie
 Hormoontherapie
 Doelgerichte therapie zoals monoklonale antilichamen
 Immuuntherapie: afstoting van tumor induceren  bijvoorbeeld met
checkpointremmers

Medicijnen
– Etiologie, fenomenologie en disvalue
 Fenomenologisch = ziekte vanuit set symptomen en terug te leiden zijn naar
een oorzaak
 Etiologie = de oorzaak van de symptomen
 Normatief = een situatie die een persoon niet in staat stelt mee te doen met
de maatschappij
 3 elementen
 Symptomen
 Beperkingen in functioneren
 Prognose
 Observeerbaar nodig  symptomen
 Genetisch
 Omgevingsfactoren oorzaak
 Interventies om ziekte te bestrijden
 Symptomen wegnemen
 Prognoses verbeteren
– Medische behandelingen
 Medische behandelingen = alle typen behandelingen die ingezet worden om
iets te doen tegen symptomen, beperkingen en slechte prognoses
 Doelen vs typen
 Types;
 Medicijnen
 Advies en counseling
 Psychologische hulp

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