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Total course summary of the Lancastrians, Yorkists and Henry VII Edexcel History A-level course (Depth topics) $12.25
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Total course summary of the Lancastrians, Yorkists and Henry VII Edexcel History A-level course (Depth topics)

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This document contains a total course summary of the Lancastrians, Yorkists and Henry VII of the Edexcel History A-level course. They were written by an A* (achieved) student.

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  • February 11, 2023
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Lancastrians, Yorkists and Henry VII, 1399-1509


Battle

Rebellion / revolt

Treaty

Dates



Order of kings
1. Richard II
2. Henry IV
3. Henry V
4. Henry VI
5. Edward IV
6. Henry VI
7. Edward IV
8. Richard III
9. Henry VII
Timeline of usurpations
1. 1399 – RII usurped by HIV
2. 1461 – HVI usurped by EIV
3. 1470 – EdIV usurped by HVI w/ Warwick the Kingmaker (The Readeption)
4. 1470 (6 months later) – HVI usurped by EdIV
5. 1483 – EdV usurped by RIII
6. 1485 – RIII usurped by HVII


Introduction to late Medieval England
Society
 Population 1400 = 2 1/4 million
 Less than 1/2 from 1300 - effect of the Black death- over 300 years to recover
 80% = 80% peasants
 95% of wealth = nobility = 3% of population
o Made up of 60 families (most senior = magnates)
o Gentry = 3,000
 Smaller popul = more food = more prosperous
 England = wealthy (mostly due to wool trade)
 50% = under 20
 Life expectancy
o 40s (peasants)
o 50s (rich)


1

,Economy
 90% popul = agriculture
 7% lived in towns
 London = 40,000
o Oxford = 3,000
 Wealth and power = measured in land ownership
 Merchant class = inferior to nobility but equal to gentry
 Avrg peasant income = £2 /year
 Royal income = btw 30,000 and 100,000

Nature of Power
 Hereditary monarchy
o Role to defend the realm from outside and maintain law and order within
 Parliament = Lords and Commons - provide legitimacy to laws and approve taxation
 King = ruled by divine right
o Fixed social hierarchy by God
 Loyalties revolved around dynastic (family) relationships
o Get power through marriage, battle (Patronage), take land through force, etc

Religion
 Fundamental to medieval life- Black death made some people question it
o Much of the clergy = died
 Rebellion against authority = mortal sin
o Church perpetuated 'The Great Chain of Being'
o Determined social status by god
 Church was hierarchical - Church and Crown (supposed to) support each other
 Victory in battle = seen as God's sign of approval
o Agincourt - banished questions over claims to the throne
 Owns 1/5 of land
 Monopoly over education - write the history books

Feudalism and 'Bastard Feudalism (BF)'
 King owned all the land - King could give it for loyalty
o Only be taken back of noble committed treason
 BF = giving money in exchange of loyalty instead of land
o Not a one off payment
o King won’t be paying while they aren't needed in battle
o Can gather more men for private armies - some noble if they band together - now
can challenge the King
 King could offer jobs and titles as patronage - needs to be fair otherwise resentment and
rebellion could increase
 Nobles don't get money from tax- they get it from rent

Scotland, Wales, the North, France & Burgundy
 Scotland = separate country - has its own kings
o Never fully conquered - Geography
 Wales = conquered
o Hate the English
o Borders England - captured by the Normans
 Ireland = technically conquered

2

, o Basically not past the Pale (area around Dublin)
o Sea proved a challenge
o But divided into tribes- not a threat
 The North - hard to govern
o Far from London
o Highly militarised - consistently fighting the Vikings
o English Kings had to give the northern nobles much more power and
independence - threat of rebellion
o 15% of the population
 France
o Eng Kings = possessions in France (cause of the Normans)
o Had many close links
o Struggled to unite and make the kingdom completely independent - too big
o Eng could never fully subdue/ take over - too big w/ too large a population
 Burgundy
o Seen as an ally- counterweight to France
 French won't threaten Eng in case they risk Burgundy trade
o England's main trading partner - wool trade




Richard II and Henry IV
3.1 Deposition of Richard II (1399)

Long term causes of 1399 crisis –

Child King
 Son of the Black Prince  became King at 10
 A child king allowed rivalries to develop
 Unsuccessful military campaigns in France = increased tensions btw nobles (taxes)
 Many nobles were in charge until he came of age = tension
 Early claim to the throne  arrogance developed

The Peasants’ Revolt 1381
 Parliament’s attempts to control wages = resentment to the ruling classes
 1381 – initially improved the King’s reputation  showed bravery when he faced the
crowd of peasants
 Convinced him that God was on his side and that he had his protection
 Made him desire absolute obedience and power = unwillingness to compromise, ill
tempered, and violent

Relationship w/ France + marriage to Isabelle
 Considered a betrayal of Eng interests
 Too young to produce a heir quickly
 But her dowery was £80,000 (eased financial pressures) + included a 28 year truce

Childless King
 Wife died in 1394  had not produced an heir

3

,  Richard = not in a rush to remarry
 Married a 7 year old girl  can’t produce an heir  unsure who to claim the throne upon
his deposition

Favouritism
 Uncles were side-lined in order to promote la Pole (Chancellor and earl of Suffolk) and
de Vere (Marquis of Oxford and duke of Ireland)  rewarded with titles and lands
 Patronage given also increased royal debt

The Wonderful Parliament 1386
 Duke of Gloucester created the ‘Wonderful Parliament’ (1386) demanded the
impeachment of de la Pole in exchange for the approval of taxation
 King refused- threatened to call the French
 Gloucester threatened him by reminding him of the fate of his grandfather
 Parliament demanded that a commission would control the Exchequer and the Grand
Seal for 1 year

The Lords Appellant
 King raised troops to re-assert authority = resistance (Lord Appellants)
 Led by Gloucester and Bolingbroke – for de Vere and de la Pole to be put on trial for
treason
 Post battle of Radcot Bridge - decided not to usurp Richard  but he was humiliated
(forced to bide time before seeking revenge)

The Merciless Parliament – 1388
 1388 King’s forces were defeated (Battle of Radcot Bridge)
 The ‘Merciless Parliament sentenced de Vere and de la Pole to death (they both ran
away from England)


The tyranny of RII 1397-99 –

 1397 – RII struck vs 3/5 of the lord appellants (Gloucester, Warwick, Arundel)
o All accused of treason
 Bolingbroke and Mowbray = rewarded w/ dukedoms of Hereford and Norfolk (thus
remained loyal to the king)
 RII started raising a private retinue of Cheshire arches (surrounded parliament  ensure
support for the conviction of the 3/5 of the lord appellants)
 Bolingbroke accused Mowbray of attempting to plot vs RII (M denied)
o RII decided to settle w/ a trial by combat



Bolingbroke’s exile and return 1399


 RII changed his mind – 1398 both were exiled
o Bolingbroke = 10 years (promised to protect any inheritance which was owed to
him)
o Mowbray = indefinite


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