NATS 1870 FINAL EXAM REVIEW
through accommodation, your eye can change its refractive power to help it focus images by
changing the shape of the lens itself, via attached ciliary muscles contracting or relaxing it (lesson 13)
we have blurry vision in water (such as in a swimming pool) because
...
your eye can change its refractive power to help it focus images by changing the shape of the lens itself
via attached ciliary muscles contracting
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NATS 1870 FINAL EXAM REVIEW
through accommodation, your eye can change its refractive power to help it
focus images by
changing the shape of the lens itself, via attached ciliary muscles contracting or relaxing
it (lesson 13)
we have blurry vision in water (such as in a swimming pool) because
cornea itself is mostly made of water, reducing the difference in indices of refraction
(lesson 13)
a person born with no (functioning) retina in his eyes would
be completely blind (lesson 13)
although the eye and camera share the light capturing functionalities in common
between them, the eye differs from a camera in another key subsequent
functionality known as
transduction (lesson 13)
in what sense might we be using colours as symbols?
colours are symbols for different light stimuli (lesson 13)
t or f: cones require brighter lighting conditions than rods to function
true (lesson 13)
without any blood vessels attached to them, and themselves composed of tightly
packaged crystalline fibres, cornea and lens remain
transparent (lesson 13)
what was the earliest form of vision like?
in black and white only, using rods (lesson 13)
which labelled position in this diagram indicated the location where most of the
cones can be found?
D (lesson 13)
the image below shows an example of one of our important uses of colour. what
is it?
distinguishing objects from one another (lesson 13)
out of the following aspects involved in colour vision, which one is considered to
be the MOST known and understood by science?
anatomy of the eye (lesson 13)
which of these three diagrams shows how an image is focused in someone who
is near sighted?
c (lesson 13)
which parts of the human eye do NOT contribute to the focusing of the incoming
light?
all contribute to focusing (all: cornea, aqueous humor, vitreous humor, lens)
(lesson 13)
the opponent colour system
subtracts cone signals from each other, to distinguish colours (lesson 13)
the S, M and L type cones evolved in past organisms at different times in history.
rank their first appearance in chronological order, from oldest to most recent
,L-S-M (lesson 13)
which of these is NOT true about the photoreceptors?
they are all mostly concentrated at the fovea
(true things: there are about 100 million of them in each human eye, they are neural
cells, there are no photoreceptors at the blind spot of each eye)
(lesson 13)
why are the terms 'pupil dilation' and 'pupil constriction' technically incorrect?
it is not the pupil itself that dilates or constricts (lesson 13)
almost all of the refraction of light in the eye is accomplished by which part(s)?
cornea and lens (lesson 13)
what would be an advantage for an organism to have trichromatic colour vision
over dichromatic?
ability to better distinguish differences between colours (lesson 13)
"what colour" is a question that
involves both objective and physical explanations involving light and subjective
descriptions of the brain's perceptions (lesson 13)
the term 'action potential' is used to describe
the passing of an electric signal inside a neural cell (lesson 14)
why is cone vision higher in acuity (sharpness of detail perceived) than rod
vision?
due to cones' low convergence, with each single cone connected to a single neuron
receiving its signal (lesson 14)
how do the bipolar and horizontal cells 'know' that a photon had been absorbed
and converted into a neural signal by the photoreceptor cell before them?
There is a drop in neurotransmitters being sent to them from the photoreceptor. (lesson
14)
As this diagram of the 'electrical wiring' of rods-to-ganglion-cell (red circle)
versus cones-to-ganglion-cells shows,
'rod-vision' is more sensitive than 'cone-vision' since output from multiple rods
converges together to trigger a single ganglion cell to fire (lesson 14)
according to the dark adaptation curves shown below, how long will it take for
our eyes to completely adapt to darkness (after coming into a dark room from the
bright outdoors for example)?
at least 20 minutes (lesson 14)
each of our 3 types of cone receptors are more sensitive to a different wavelength
of light because
each type of cone photo receptors contains a photo pigment molecule with a different
absorption spectrum (lesson 14)
due to their initially undeveloped visual acuity, infants
can mostly perceive only images with high bright/dark contrast, and up close (lesson 14)
a photon is to light as ____ is to a neural signal?
charged ion (lesson 14)
which of these neural cells in the retina make the immediate contact with the
photoreceptor cells at the synaptic layer?
, both bipolar and horizontal cells (lesson 14)
neurotransmitters are
molecules sent across a synaptic gap to transmit a neural signal between two separate
neurons (lesson 14)
the overall photo-transduction of light is achieved by
physical and chemical changes inside the photoreceptor cell (lesson 14)
after absorbing an incoming photon, the photopigments (like rhodopsin in the
rods) will cause the photoactivation sequence to start, in which
charged ions will be blocked from passing through the cell membrane of the
photoreceptors (lesson 14)
this diagram of a typical retina section shows that
bipolar cells are usually the first neurons connected to the photo receptors, while
ganglion cells are the last ones in this writing network (lesson 14)
retinitis pigmentosa shows that
photoreceptors can 'die' in a person's lifetime (lesson 14)
t or f: rods are more sensitive to light than cones
true (lesson 14)
which of these is NOT true about the s-cones?
they do not participate in the phototransduction process
(true things: they are the fewest in numbers out of all the cone types, they are sensitive
to the shortest wavelengths of light, they are virtually missing from the centre of the
fovea)
(lesson 14)
how does the photopigment molecule signal to the rest of the photoreceptor cell
that it absorbed a photon of light?
by changing its shape (lesson 14)
the conversion of light energy into neural (electrical) energy is called
photo transduction (lesson 14)
the very first step to 'trigger' (start) the conversion of light into neural signal
process is
a change in physical shape of the retinal part of the visual pigment molecule (lesson 14)
complete the missing terms in this visual pathway:
while our 'seeing' begins in the (a)________, our 'perceiving' of what we're seeing
finally occurs in the (b)______.
(a) eye; (b) visual cortex
(lesson 14)
match the term with its corresponding description, in this sequence summary of
the process of our colour perception: (1/3)
appearance
'colour' is consistently assigned to lights and surfaces to generate perception of colours
in the world (lesson 15)
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