Het bevat de samenvatting uit het boek Biology A Global Approach- Global Edition (CAMPBELL) die nodig zijn in het eerste leerjaar van de opleiding Biologie en Medisch Laboratoriumonderzoek.
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Samenvatting Hoofdstuk 8 van Biology a Global Approach 11th edition
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Biology, A Global Approach Campbell
Nederlandse samenvatting
Campbell
Pagina 1 van 138
,Biology, A Global Approach Campbell
Nederlandse samenvatting
Inhoudsopgave
Chapter 5: Biological Macromolecules and Lipids .................................................................................. 6
5.1 Macromolecules and polymers, built from monomers ................................................................ 6
5.2 Carbohydrates serve as fuel and building material ...................................................................... 7
5.3 Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules .................................................................. 8
5.4 Proteins include a diversity of structures, resulting in a wide range of functions ...................... 11
Chapter 7: Cell structure and function ................................................................................................. 13
7.1 Biologists use microscopes and the tools of chemistry to study cells......................................... 13
7.2 Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions ................... 13
7.3 The eukaryotic cell’s genetic instructions are housed in the nucleus and carried out by the
ribosomes ......................................................................................................................................... 16
7.4 The endomembrane system regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions ......... 17
7.5 Mitochondria and chloroplasts change energy from one form to another ................................ 20
7.6 The cytoskeleton is a network of fibers that organizes structures and activities in the cell ....... 21
7.7 Extracellular components and connections between cells help coordinate cellular activities ... 22
Chapter 8: Cell Membranes .................................................................................................................. 24
8.1 Cellular membranes are fluid mosaics of lipids and proteins ..................................................... 24
8.2 Membrane structure results in selective permeability ............................................................... 25
8.3 Passive transport is diffusion of a substance across a membrane with no energy investment .. 25
8.4 Active transport uses energy to move solutes against their gradients ....................................... 26
8.5 Bulk transport across the plasma membrane occurs by exocytosis and endocytosis ................. 28
Chapter 9: Cellular Signaling................................................................................................................. 29
9.1 External signals are converted to responses within the cell ....................................................... 29
9.2 Reception: A signaling molecule binds to a receptor protein, causing it to change shape ......... 30
9.3 Transduction: Cascades of molecular interactions relay signals from receptors to target
molecules in the cell ......................................................................................................................... 31
Chapter 13: Sexual Life Cycles and Meiosis .......................................................................................... 33
13.1 Offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosomes ......................................... 37
13.2 Fertilization and meiosis alternate in sexual life cycles ............................................................ 37
13.3 Meiosis reduces the number of chromosome sets from diploid to haploid ............................. 39
13.4 Genetic variation produced in sexual life cycles contributes to evolution ........................... 41
Chapter 14: Medelian Genetics ............................................................................................................ 43
14.1 Mendel used the scientific approach to identify two laws of inheritance ................................ 43
14.2 Probability laws govern Mendelian inheritance ....................................................................... 45
14.3 Inheritance patterns are often more complex than predicted by simple Mendelian genetics . 45
14.4 Many human traits follow Mendelian patterns of inheritance ................................................. 46
Pagina 2 van 138
,Biology, A Global Approach Campbell
Nederlandse samenvatting
Chapter 15: Linkage and Chromosomes ............................................................................................... 48
15.1 Morgan showed that Mendelian inheritance has its physical basis in the behaviour of
chromosomes: scientific inquiry ....................................................................................................... 48
15.2 Sex-linked genes exhibit unique patterns of inheritance ......................................................... 49
15.3 Linked genest end to be inherited together because they are located near each other on the
same chromosome ........................................................................................................................... 50
15.4 Alterations of chromosome number or structure causes some genetic disorders ................... 51
15.5 Some inheritance patterns are exceptions to standard Mendelian inheritance ...................... 52
Chapter 16: Nucleic Acids and Inheritance ........................................................................................... 53
16.1 DNA is the genetic material ...................................................................................................... 53
16.2 Many proteins work together in DNA replication and repair ................................................... 54
......................................................................................................................................................... 58
16.3 A chromosome consists of a DNA molecule packed together with proteins ............................ 58
Chapter 17: Expression of Genes.......................................................................................................... 59
17.1 Genes specify proteins via transcription and translation ......................................................... 59
17.2 Transcription is the DNA—directed synthesis of RNA: a closer look ........................................ 60
17.3 Eukaryotic cells modify RNA after transcription ....................................................................... 61
17.4 Translation is the RNA directed synthesis of a polypeptide: a closer look ................................ 62
17.5 Mutations of one or a few nucleotides can affect protein structure and function ................... 65
Chapter 19: DNA Technology ............................................................................................................... 69
19.1 DNA sequencing and DNA cloning are valuable tools for genetic engineering and biological
inquiry .............................................................................................................................................. 69
Chapter 20: The Evolution of Genomes................................................................................................ 72
20.1 The Human Genome Project fostered development of faster, less expensive sequencing
techniques ........................................................................................................................................ 72
20.2 Scientists use bioinformatics to analyse genomes and their functions .................................... 72
20.3 Genomes vary in size, number of genes, and gene desity ........................................................ 72
Chapter 12: Mitosis .............................................................................................................................. 33
12.1 Most cell division results in genetically identical daughter cells .............................................. 33
7.2 The mitotic phase alternates with interphase in the cell cycle ................................................... 33
7.3 The eukaryotic cell cycle is regulated by a molecular control system ........................................ 36
Chapter 41: Chemical signals in animals .............................................................................................. 73
41.1 Hormones and other signaling molecules bind to target receptros, triggering specific response
pathways .......................................................................................................................................... 73
41.2 Feedback regulation and coordination with the nervous system are common in hormone
pathways .......................................................................................................................................... 75
41.3 Endocrine glands respond to diverse stimuli in regulating homeostasis, development, and
behavior ........................................................................................................................................... 77
Pagina 3 van 138
, Biology, A Global Approach Campbell
Nederlandse samenvatting
Chapter 43: Animal Transport Systems ................................................................................................ 81
43.1 Circulatory systems link exhange surfaces with cells throughout the body ............................. 81
43.2 Coordinated cycles of heart contraction drive double circulation in mammals ....................... 82
43.3 Patterns of blood pressure and flow reflect the structure and arrangement of blood vessels 85
43.4 Blood components, function in exchange, transport, and defense .......................................... 87
43.5 Gas exchange occurs across specialized respiratory surfaces .................................................. 89
43.6 Breathing ventilates the lungs .................................................................................................. 90
43.7 Adaptations for gas exchange include pigments that bind and transport gases ...................... 91
Chapter 44: Animal Excretory systems ................................................................................................. 93
44.1 Osmoregulation balances the uptake and loss of water and solutes ....................................... 93
44.2 An animals’s nitrogenous wastes reflect its phylogeny and habitat ......................................... 94
44.3 Diverse excretory systems are variations on a tubular theme ................................................. 94
44.4 The nephron is organized for stepwise processing of blood filtrate ......................................... 96
44.5 Hormonal circuits link kidney function, water balance, and blood pressure ............................ 98
Chapter 47: Animal Defenses Against Infection ................................................................................. 100
47.1 In innate immunity, recognition and response rely on traits common to groups of pathogens
....................................................................................................................................................... 101
47.2 In adaptive immunity, receptors provide pathogen-specific recognition ............................... 104
47.3 Adaptive immunity defends against infection of body fluids and body cells .......................... 108
47.4 Disruptions in immune system function can elicit or exacerbate disease .............................. 111
Chapter 48: Electrical Signals in Animals ............................................................................................ 113
48.1 Neuron structure organization reflect function in information transfer ................................ 113
48.2 Ion pumps and ion channels establish the resting potential of a neuron ............................... 113
48.3 Action potentials are the signals conducted by axons ............................................................ 114
48.4 Neurons communicate with other cells at synapses .............................................................. 117
Chapter 49: Neural Regulation in Animals.......................................................................................... 120
49.1 Nervous systems consist of circuits of neurons and supporting cells ..................................... 120
49.2 The vertebrate brain is regionally specialized ........................................................................ 122
49.3 The cerebral cortex controls voluntary movement and cognitive functions .......................... 124
49.4 Changes in synaptic connections underlie memory and learning........................................... 125
49.5 Many nervous system disorders can now be explained in molecular terms .......................... 125
Chapter 50: Sensation and Movement in Animals ............................................................................. 127
50.1 Sensory receptors transduce stimulus energy and transmit signals to the central nervous
system ............................................................................................................................................ 127
50.2 In hearing and equilibrium, mechanoreceptors detect moving fluid or settling particles ...... 128
50.3 The diverse visual receptors of animals depend on light- absorbing pigments ...................... 130
Pagina 4 van 138
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