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Tense and Aspect Summary
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All arguments for the correct Aspect for Tense and Aspect. With these (and the arguments for Tense) known by heart you will be able to write a good Tense and Aspect Exam.
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Summary Tense and Aspect 2Check for:
1. stative situations
2. inherently/ temporally bounded/ unbounded dynamic situations
3. series of situation
4. always
5. future: timetable events/ non-personally fixed dates (or negative question) vs. personal plans or
arrangements
6. used to
7. past point/ period of time
8. future in the past
Simple Aspect:
1. stative situations
2. inherently bounded dynamic situations, if: seen as a whole or occurring in its entirety
3. temporally bounded dynamic situations, if: seen as a whole
4. temporally unbounded dynamic situations, if : seen as obtaining indefinitely, seen as the same at any time,
so no progress
5. series of situations:
a. inherently bounded
b. temporally bounded
c. temporally unbounded
d. seen as a whole
e. each instance is seen as occurring in its entirety
6. ALWAYS: when an instance of a series occurs complete on every occasion
7. negative question: suggestion for future action (e.g. Why don’t you?)
8. future timetable events and non-personally fixed dates (train leaves at 10)
9. used to + infinitive (exception progressive 7)
10. contrastive stress (alternative to used to)
11. past point of time: situation seen as occurring complete
12. past period of time:
a. when completion of inherently bounded situations is contextually relevant
b. when the fact that the situation occurred at all is contextually relevant
c. when the state of affairs at the end point of the period is contextually relevant
13. future in the past: with reference to timetable events and other non-personally fixed dates
Progressive Aspect:
1. inherently bounded situations, if: seen as having already started but not yet finished
2. temporally bounded situations, if: seen as in progress when an end is visaged
3. series of situations:
a. when in progress at the time referred to
b. each instance is seen as still in progress
4. ALWAYS: instance of a series occurs as already in progress on every occasion
5. ALWAYS: as “immer wieder” / “Ständig” – frequently but sporadically
6. specific plans and arrangements for future events
7. used to: when each individual instance is seen as in progress on the occasions indicated contextually
8. past point of time: situation seen as, at that time, in progress, even if the initial point was unobserved
9. past period of time:
a. when the speakers purpose is to focus on what activity is actually going on at any/ all contextually
relevant points of time within the period
b. with words like tell, talk about, etc. to indicate that the situation may not have been completed in
the period referred to
10. future in the past: with reference to personal arrangements which at the past referred to lay in the future
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