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Ecuaciones Diferenciales

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Introducción a la resolución de ecuaciones diferenciales así como sistemas de ecuaciones diferenciales.

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  • February 17, 2023
  • 18
  • 2022/2023
  • Class notes
  • María higuera
  • All classes
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ECUACIÉNDIFERENCIALORDINARIADE PRIMER ORDEN



Sea f :U→lR donde UCIR? esundominio de IR?



f. U-i.IR/t,y)ofltiYI
¥
=f /tix ) →
Dominoes conjunto abierto yconexoporpoligonales .






,




Eiemplo :
0=3 /t.DE/R2/Y=oE'Noesundominio 1/1//11//11/11> ×

¥=¥ '
flt,yI=¥ IVER? -




If




t.DE/R2/Y-0.YsoE'SiesundominioSeaY:JtlRconJC-
0=3 /




dt-YYtl-flt.HN/Vtc-JdtSoluci6ndeY'lt1--dY=flt.Hd1JC-UYlt1:j-
I intervals Abierto de IR t ,
→ Yltlunafunciéndedase G' 1- yen Jsatisface




IRHYHIEG ' Satisfacela
'
→ → EDO




Ejemplo :




dY=t t"
Y '
Comprobarqueylt) : PASOS :
dt 16


1- ldentificareldominio

Us } /t.AE/R2/Y- of

2- 1-
G'
Comprobarqueyltl C-

y /f) =
the G' 1 y

16 11
5- Obtenery' /t )

Y' It)=t3=flt , -14 )=t.t2=t3
4 16 4 4
4- Sustituirendl ✗ ☐ mprobar
OH




t.gg
Eiercicio :

dY= - t
" " " "= "
dt ✗
,
<

1- Derivo con respects at → 2%01×-127=0 ' YdY+t=o i dY= - t

dt dt dt ✗
+


y2+t2=G '
→ G' C- Pies solucion V Carras integrates

circunferenciasquedepe.no/ende1parametroG' cidependedeltiempoinicialconelqueempiez.ae/problema
' →
.




Ejemplo : Y /51=5 ' 52+52=50 →
Radios 50




PROBLEM ADE CAUCHY



consisteenencontrarunafunciondedasedl-dY-flt.lt
dt
Tambiénconocidocomoproblemasdecondicionesiniciales .
"




quesatisfacelascondicionesiniciales.yltl-Yofiu-IR-flt.HN/EG ' '

,Eiemplo :




DX = 0 sylt c) = .
G
'
EIR DY so > ylt 4=1-+9'
,




=/
dt dt
dY=flt)
'
Estamosresolviendo : → Ylt c) ,
fltldt -14
'



dt
7101=1 Ht) : 1 dY=t+ -3
dt
→ Ylt, c) =
¥+3T -14
SEPARACIÉN DE VARIABLES




fydy ftdt [
"
Rtd -12-1×2=9
OH
[ [ 1-2-1×2=2/42-411 EIR
' '
-
t ' I
-
G'2 I + G'z.ci ] → → ≥
G
= = -
, = + =


dt Y 2




Demostracioñ :



g1 .= [1-11×11-11]=011-1 [1-11×1]=811-1
1-111=1
OH di 1 d
=L/tight i 1. di
-811-1 ' .
" 4%1 = → '
fltidt
dt 91A dt ,,, , dy at gly) dt T




[ g% :/ ,
di fltldt →


1-11×1=11 91×1
dy
y
µ
1<=2


1<=1




Eiemplo :









of Y Jolt
'" "
OH y=eᵗe "
y=keᵗ 1k -10)
= y = = In -1=-1+4 I F- e → s

dt




Solo puede haber una solucién parque la integral tiene una n' nicasolucién .




TEOREMA DE EXIST ENGA YUNICIDAD (TEOREMA DE PICARD)



dt-flt.YHH.tt c- J Donde Liu → IR si flt Y) es d ' en Uentonces IWO fat ] to hi to-1hL hay iinicafuncion
que en una
-

,

dt


Ylto) = Yo con Ito , %) EU ylt) que es soluciois .




it
Eievcicio :




/ =/
d" 1
=P "
! dt
-1g =t+ci t
-1¥ ¢ =D t ✗ Hid
→ - → :
% = → =





"l
_




dt d- t




◦ to -
h to to -1h
, y flt.tk/2esci1en1R2-.Paracua1quierltoi1olElR2existesolucio' n del Problema de Cauchy


Tadema's es ienica .
4=0 también es sohu.io'D del problema porque es de clase 41 Ysatisface la ecuacion .




Y
Cso y
1-
Ylt, c) =
-


Hay que comprobar que F-O es solucion .


'
t -1s


OH =y2 of/01=0/1 OH
✗ It) -0
f= dt
:O
dt

t
(= 0

, Las curvas integrates no coinciden con Ias curves soluciois del Sistema .




Las curvas integrates induyen a Todas Ias curvas solution .




Las curvas solution no pueden cortarse por que Sino nose cumpliña lateoria de la unicidad .




Las curves integrates y Ias curves soluciois coinciden Cuando la gratia de la funcién es de Clase d ?


Las curvas integrates y Ias curves soluciois no coinciden Cuando la gratia de la funcioin no es de Clase d ?

'

ECUACIÉN AUTO NOMA : OH =
fly)
"
Si Yltlessoluciois ylttkltambieñ toes .




dt



-1 -1
✗ (t) =
= ✗ It -1k/ = ' K' c son constantes
t-1¢ ttk + ¢

t It) = t -1k ; di IT ) = OH ,
IT = OH Las soluci ones son invariantes a las traslaciones .



dt dt dt dt

:

Eiercicio :




[ In 11-4-14]

f %; =/ %
OH /In 11-1-14 ) Y=t2e&
{ In 1H
" ' '
" Y=e
flt.it de clase d In 11-1-14 →
= '
es
" → = tiny = 2
dt t




Ylt, K) = KTZ K -10




Ylt)=0



MÉTODO DE LA VARIACIÉN DE CONSTANTE5



OH flt) Si alt)
'
de Clase d hay
'
solucién esedominio
+ a Iti = yfltl son una unica en .



at




Ecuacioin lineal homogénea :
OH 1- alto -0 lfltl :o) Solucioin general de la ecuacién homogénea .



dt


La Iinealidaddependeunicamente de y .




-

faltldt -


faltldt

f ¥ =/ faltldttci YH c)
'
-
altldt / Ho) × Int = - ' Nt/ = e e '
, = ce c -10




Supremos que la solution de la ecuacién lineal completes :




-

faltldt
✗ It/ = case
-

faltldt
-
faltldt -


faltldt
↳ "' "
/ faltldt
° d'
OH
dt
=



dt
do e- _
clue ¥ =

dte
-
cltle .
alt )

faltldt
faltldt
-
-
+

✗ It) = ciltle
AHH = alt ) date fact, dt
faltldt OH + alto, =
do
e- faltldt =
fit)
" de se
-



flt )
dt

/ fltle
dt dt
G' It) :
dtt G
'
G' C- IR

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