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Unit 11
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Psychological perspective
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Student example Unit 11 Level 3 Candidate Number ______UNIT 11
Psychological Perspectives
1
,Student example Unit 11 Level 3 Candidate Number ______
Introduction
Throughout this assignment, it will contain research and statistics of the perspectives in life.
I will portraying an understanding of the psychological perspectives on individuals and how
behaviours and emotions can be imitated. I will also be discussing about different theorists
and their idea of how we develop and change as we grow in our early childhood
experiences. In this research you will be introduced to several different psychological
perspectives and be promoted to not only understand them but to apply them to yourself
and everyone around you which gives us a whole new understanding and point of view too.
There is also strengths and weaknesses of the variety of perspectives which elaborates on
the unconscious mind to describe different behaviours of an individual.
To enable me to be able to understand the care needs of individuals I will be looking at the
learning aims within this unit:
• Learning Aim A:
Examine how psychological perspectives contribute to the understanding of human
development and behaviour.
• Learning Aim B:
Examine the contribution of psychological perspectives to the management and
treatment of service users’ specific behaviours.
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,Student example Unit 11 Level 3 Candidate Number ______
A1- Principal psychological perspectives as applied to the understanding of development
and behaviour.
Behaviourist
Behaviourists study the behaviour and study personality traits of individuals like the
confidence, shyness, happiness and sadness. Behaviourists say that behaviour is learnt and
developed through experiences and thought to be studied through observable actions
instead of feelings and emotions. The behaviour can be also learnt through consequences
and positive and negative reinforcement. The reinforcement means behaviour leading to an
outcome, whereas positive reinforcement is a behaviour followed by a consequence which
is seen as desirable and then rewarded with a treat for example. So, behaviour that is
reinforced tends to be repeated because it is a strength as animals learn quicker with
rewards rather than a consequence. Lastly, negative reinforcement is when a behaviour
removes something that is unpleasant, for example a child washes up (behaviour) to avoid
their parents from getting angry (stimulus). This type of reinforcement tends to stop or be
extinguished because it weakens the behaviour of the animal. We are all born with a blank
slates and all experience (nurture) taking in new behaviours that are influenced through the
environment or people we are around.
The theory behind Burrhus Frederic Skinner, was that he became interested in the theory
designed by Thorndike’s that was about animals and how it was structed around animals in
how they learnt new skills, hence why he invented the ‘puzzle box’. Skinner then developed
the idea into a ‘skinner box’. He worked mostly with rats and pigeons which concluded his
findings about learning new behavioural skills and how they may change. The ‘Skinners box’
was created through using signal lights, a food dispenser, a lever and an electric grid which
shocked the animal. The rat was trained to change his behaviour by being placed in the box,
a signal light would come on which would indicate to the rat to push the lever allowing a
reward which would be a food pellet, if the action was not carried out successfully, the
animal would get a shock. Due to a rat repeating this action, it is a positive reinforcement
because it leads to an outcome which is satisfying for the animal followed by a consequence
which is seen as desirable.
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, Student example Unit 11 Level 3 Candidate Number ______
Skinner came up with rewards because he realised that the rat continuously pressing the
lever would mean that it would reward itself, hence why Skinner believed behaviour can be
shaped and maintained by the consequences. When analysing the theory, Skinner identified
a new term named operant conditioning which means changing the behaviour using
reinforcement. He also identified three responses or operant that can follow behaviour
which are, punishers, it is responses from the environment that decreases the likelihood of
a behaviour being repeated because the punishment weakens the behaviour. An example of
this is that if a child was repetitively being naughty giving them a punishment would try to
be changing their behaviour however, it would have to be dealt with in a calm manner
because, the child can react back. Reinforces, are responses from the environment that
increase the probability of behaviour being repeated which can either be positive or
negative, for example a group of secondary socialisation, which are friends can encourage
behaviour such as smoking, the child would be punished however, the reward from it would
be smoking as the child is hanging around with the same people. If the child was to not hang
around with the group that influences smoking, they may become isolated.
Neutral operant are responses from the environment that neither increase nor decrease
the probability of behaviour being repeated which is less likely. Due to the reason being
something or someone is more likely to change our behaviour and actions. Skinner also
believed that punishment would less likely make a behaviour be repeated yet questioned
whether it always worked or not because, different punishments are worked by a range of
different parent types such as authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, and uninvolved. To
look at this in more detail, when punishing a child, it must be done so that when punishing
them you must tell them what you also expect from them, so they are able to change their
behaviour. Looking at the positives of the theory would be that through rewards and
punishments children or animals know the association between that rewards is good
behaviour and punishments are bad behaviour, but it I also getting the child or animal into
the routine. Consequently, a child who does not
perform positive behaviour will therefore be punished
for example if a child does not study for an exam, they
will not receive good grades. The disadvantages of
Skinners theory are that even though a child has been
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