Inleiding in de statistiek voor de gedragswetenschappen
Dit is een uigebreide samenvatting voor het vak 'Statistiek 1' voor de bachelorsopleiding Toegepaste Psychologie van de AP-Hogeschool.
Deze samenvatting is gebasseerd op de Powerpoints van de lessen, de notities van wat de lector zei en het handboek 'Inleiding in de statistiek voor gedragswetensc...
inleiding in de statistiek voor gedragswetenschappen
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Artesis Hogeschool Antwerpen (Artesis)
Bachelor In De Toegepaste Psychologie
Statistiek 1
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Statistiek 1
Inhoudsopgave
1 De statistiek in het onderzoek.............................................................................................................5
1.1 Beschrijvende & inductieve statistiek...........................................................................................5
1.2 Onderzoek....................................................................................................................................5
1.3 Typen van onderzoek....................................................................................................................6
1.3.1 Experimenteel opzet..............................................................................................................6
1.3.2 Het survey-onderzoek............................................................................................................6
1.4 Fasen in het onderzoek.................................................................................................................6
1.4.1 Vraagstelling..........................................................................................................................6
1.4.2 Het literatuuroverzicht..........................................................................................................8
1.4.3 Operationalisering.................................................................................................................8
1.4.4 Steekproefopzet....................................................................................................................8
1.4.5 Verzamelen van de gegevens..............................................................................................11
1.4.6 Analyse van de gegevens.....................................................................................................11
1.4.7 De rapportage......................................................................................................................12
2 SPSS: niet te kennen..........................................................................................................................13
3 Operationalisering en meten van variabelen.....................................................................................13
3.1 Operationalisering......................................................................................................................13
3.2 Meetniveaus...............................................................................................................................13
3.2.1 Nominaal meetniveau..........................................................................................................13
3.2.2 Ordinaal meetniveau...........................................................................................................14
3.2.3 Interval meetniveau.............................................................................................................14
3.2.4 Ratiomeetniveau..................................................................................................................15
3.3 Betekenis meetniveau................................................................................................................15
3.4 Consequenties voor het survey-onderzoek................................................................................15
3.5 Betrouwbaarheid en validiteit....................................................................................................15
3.5.1 Betrouwbaarheid.................................................................................................................15
3.5.2 Validiteit..............................................................................................................................16
4 Frequentieverdeling..........................................................................................................................17
4.1 De frequentietabel......................................................................................................................17
4.1.1 Eendimensionale tabel/ univariate tabel.............................................................................17
4.1.2 Meerdimensionale tabel/ kruistabel....................................................................................17
4.2 Grafische voorstelling.................................................................................................................18
4.2.1 Taartdiagram.......................................................................................................................18
P.
, 4.2.2 Staafdiagram........................................................................................................................18
4.2.3 Histogram............................................................................................................................18
4.2.4 Stamdiagram........................................................................................................................19
4.2.5 Boxplot.................................................................................................................................20
4.2.6 Geclusterd staafdiagram......................................................................................................20
4.2.7 Gestapeld staafdiagram.......................................................................................................21
4.3 Percentielen................................................................................................................................21
5 De centrummaten.............................................................................................................................22
5.1 De modus....................................................................................................................................22
5.1.1 Nominaal meetniveau..........................................................................................................22
5.1.2 Ordinaal meetniveau...........................................................................................................22
5.2 De mediaan.................................................................................................................................22
5.2.1 Ordinaal meetniveau...........................................................................................................23
5.2.2 Interval meetniveau.............................................................................................................23
5.3 Het rekenkundig gemiddelde......................................................................................................23
5.3.2 Het gewogen gemiddelde....................................................................................................25
5.3.3 Het getrimde gemiddelde....................................................................................................25
5.4 Vergelijking van centrummaten..................................................................................................25
5.4.1 Uniforme verdeling..............................................................................................................25
5.4.2 Rechts scheve verdeling.......................................................................................................27
5.4.3 De links scheve verdeling.....................................................................................................27
5.5 De centrale tendens via SPSS......................................................................................................28
5.6 Samenvatting centrummaten.....................................................................................................28
6 De variabiliteitsmaten.......................................................................................................................29
6.1 De range/ bereik.........................................................................................................................29
6.1.1 Ordinaal niveau....................................................................................................................29
6.1.2 Interval/ ratio niveau...........................................................................................................29
6.2 De interkwartielafstand..............................................................................................................29
6.3 De gemiddelde afwijkingsscore..................................................................................................31
6.4 De gemiddelde absolute afwijkingsscore....................................................................................32
6.5 De variantie (S²)..........................................................................................................................32
6.6 De standaarddeviatie..................................................................................................................33
6.7 De variatiecoëfficiënt..................................................................................................................35
6.8 Lineaire transformaties...............................................................................................................35
6.8.1 De standaardscore...............................................................................................................38
7 De normale verdeling........................................................................................................................40
P.
, 7.1 De normale verdeling.................................................................................................................40
7.1.1 Verdeling in de Gausscurve..................................................................................................41
7.2 De standaardnormale verdeling.................................................................................................41
8 De vorm van de verdeling..................................................................................................................48
8.1 De kurtosis..................................................................................................................................48
8.2 De skewness...............................................................................................................................48
8.3 Berekening via SPSS....................................................................................................................50
8.4 Lineaire transformaties...............................................................................................................51
8.5 De boxplot..................................................................................................................................52
9 Analyse van de kruistabel..................................................................................................................52
9.1 Kruistabel....................................................................................................................................52
9.2 Chikwadraattoets........................................................................................................................54
9.2.1 Chikwadraattoets voor kruistabellen...................................................................................54
9.2.2 Chikwadraattoets voor frequenties.....................................................................................59
9.3 Associatiematen.........................................................................................................................60
9.3.1 Cramer’s V...........................................................................................................................60
9.3.2 De contingentiecoëfficiënt...................................................................................................60
9.3.3 Phi-coëfficiënt......................................................................................................................61
9.3.4 Output associatiematen.......................................................................................................61
9.4 Analyse via SPSS..........................................................................................................................62
9.4.1 Berekening samenhang in kruistabel...................................................................................62
9.4.2 Berekening chikwadraattoets voor frequenties...................................................................62
10 Het correlatievraagstuk...................................................................................................................62
10.1 De scatterplot...........................................................................................................................63
10.2 Het begrip ‘correlatie’...............................................................................................................65
10.3 Invloed transformaties op de correlatie...................................................................................67
10.4 Interpretatie v/d correlatie.......................................................................................................69
10.5 Scatterplot en correlatie via SPSS.............................................................................................70
10.5.1 Scatterplot tekenen...........................................................................................................70
10.5.2 Correlatie berekenen.........................................................................................................70
10.6 Meer dan 2 intervalgeschaalde variabelen...............................................................................70
10.7 De rangcorrelatie......................................................................................................................70
11 De regressietechniek.......................................................................................................................71
11.1 De regressielijn.........................................................................................................................71
11.1.1 De formule van de regressielijn.........................................................................................71
11.1.2 Waarde van de regressielijn...............................................................................................74
P.
, 11.2 Regressieanalyse via SPSS.........................................................................................................75
P.
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