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Samenvatting kwalitatieve methoden
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Samenvatting kwalitatieve methoden
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InhoudsopgaveH1: Wat is kwalitatief onderzoek? ............................................................................................................................................. 5
1.2 Gemeenschappelijke genen in de familie: kenmerken ...................................................................................................... 5
1.2.1 Kenmerk 1: vraag en doelstelling ..................................................................................................................................... 5
1.2.2 Kenmerk 2: onderzoeksdesign .......................................................................................................................................... 5
1.2.3 Kenmerk 3: dataverzamelingsmethode ............................................................................................................................ 6
1.2.4 Kenmerk 4: analyse........................................................................................................................................................... 6
1.2.5 Kenmerk 5: rapportering .................................................................................................................................................. 7
1.3 Kwantitatief onderzoek: verre familie of aangetrouwd? ......................................................................................................... 7
Methodenstrijd: klassieke verwijten ......................................................................................................................................... 7
1. Is kwalitatief onderzoek wel wetenschappelijk? .............................................................................................................. 7
2. Kwalitatieve onderzoeksresultaten zijn niets meer dan de persoonlijke opinies van de onderzoeker of zijn respondent
7
3. Kwalitatief onderzoek is ‘soft’ onderzoek ......................................................................................................................... 7
4. Kwalitatief onderzoek is niet gebaseerd op een toevalssteekproef (random sample) en bovendien zijn de
steekproeven nogal klein........................................................................................................................................................... 8
H3: paradigma’s in het kwalitatief onderzoek ........................................................................................................................... 9
3.1 De klassieke tweedeling: positivisme of interpretivisme .......................................................................................................... 9
3.2 Vier paradigma’s ...................................................................................................................................................................... 9
3.3 Het positivistisme en postpositivisme ...................................................................................................................................... 9
3.4 Constructivisme ...................................................................................................................................................................... 10
3.4.1 Symbolisch interactionisme ............................................................................................................................................ 10
3.4.2 Fenomenologie en social constructivsme....................................................................................................................... 11
3.4.3 Etnomethodologie en conversatie analyse..................................................................................................................... 11
3.5 Kritische theorie, feminisme en andere benaderingen.................................................................................................... 12
3.5.4 Art based research: stelt grenzen van klassieke kwalitatieve onderzoek in vraag ......................................................... 12
3.6 Participatief paradigma ......................................................................................................................................................... 12
H4: Kwalitatieve probleemformulering ................................................................................................................................... 14
4.1 Inleiding: van eerste idee tot probleemstelling ............................................................................................................... 14
4.2 Algemene structuur van de probleemstelling ................................................................................................................. 14
4.3 Onderdeel 1: het onderzoeksdomein ..................................................................................................................................... 14
4.4 Onderdeel 2: de verantwoording van het onderzoek ...................................................................................................... 14
4.5 Onderdeel 3: het onderzoeksdoel ................................................................................................................................... 14
4.5.1 Exploratief onderzoek ................................................................................................................................................ 14
4.5.2 Verklarend onderzoek ................................................................................................................................................ 15
4.5.3 Beschrijvend onderzoek ............................................................................................................................................. 15
4.5.4 Emancipatorisch onderzoek ....................................................................................................................................... 15
4.6 Onderdeel 4: de onderzoeksvraag .................................................................................................................................. 15
4.6.1 Soorten onderzoeksvragen......................................................................................................................................... 15
4.6.2 Kritisch kijken naar je onderzoeksvraag ..................................................................................................................... 15
4.7 Onderdeel 5: het conceptueel kader ............................................................................................................................... 16
4.7.1 Sensitizing concepts ........................................................................................................................................................ 16
4.7.2 Bracketing of epoche .................................................................................................................................................. 16
H12: kwalitatieve data ............................................................................................................................................................ 18
Grounded theory benadering ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
1
, Soort materiaal dat gesorteerd moet worden ........................................................................................................................ 19
Computer assisted/ aided qualitative data analyses (caqdas)..................................................................................................... 20
H6: wie ga je onderzoeken? Kwalitatieve steekproef .............................................................................................................. 21
Wie of wat doe mee? steekproeftrekking .................................................................................................................................... 21
Anatomie van de steekproef ........................................................................................................................................................ 21
Soorten steekproeftrekking .......................................................................................................................................................... 21
Random sampling .................................................................................................................................................................... 21
Purposive sampling .................................................................................................................................................................. 21
H13: analyse van kwalitatieve data; deel 2 axiale en selectieve codering ................................................................................ 24
Sensitizing concepts ..................................................................................................................................................................... 24
Bracketing of epoche ................................................................................................................................................................... 24
Axiaal coderen.............................................................................................................................................................................. 24
Omschrijving axiale codes in code memo................................................................................................................................ 26
Hulpmiddel: conditionele matrix ............................................................................................................................................. 26
Selectief coderen: delen van data met elkaar verbonden ............................................................................................................ 27
Schema’s: cartografische schema’s ......................................................................................................................................... 27
H5: ethiek van het onderzoek (hoc 4) ...................................................................................................................................... 29
5.1 Het belang van ethiek in onderzoek ....................................................................................................................................... 29
5.2 Ethiek en wetenschappelijke integriteit .......................................................................................................................... 29
5.3 Procedurele ethiek .......................................................................................................................................................... 29
5.3.1 Geïnformeerde toestemming (informed consent) ..................................................................................................... 29
5.3.2 Bescherming van de privacy ....................................................................................................................................... 30
5.3.3 Breng geen schade toe ............................................................................................................................................... 32
5.3.4 Verborgen onderzoek en misleiding ........................................................................................................................... 32
5.4 Situationele ethiek .......................................................................................................................................................... 32
5.5 Relationele ethiek ........................................................................................................................................................... 32
H15: kwaliteitsvereisten bij kwalitatief onderzoek .................................................................................................................. 33
15.1 het debat over ‘kwaliteit’ in kwalitatief onderzoek.............................................................................................................. 33
15.1.1 validiteit en betrouwbaarheid in het kwantitatief onderzoek...................................................................................... 33
15.2 Van criteria naar beoordelingsinstrumenten ....................................................................................................................... 34
15.2.1 Geloofwaardigheid (waarheid) ..................................................................................................................................... 34
15.2.2 overdraagbaarheid (toepasbaarheid) ........................................................................................................................... 35
15.2.3 Afhankelijkheid (consistentie) ...................................................................................................................................... 36
15.2.4 Overtuigingskracht (neutraliteit) .................................................................................................................................. 36
15.2.5 Authenciteit .................................................................................................................................................................. 36
H7: algemene voorbereiding voor het veldwerk ...................................................................................................................... 37
7.1 de steekproefmatrix ............................................................................................................................................................... 37
7.2 het afstemmen van onderzoeksteams ................................................................................................................................... 37
7.3 de pilootstudie........................................................................................................................................................................ 37
7.4 vragenlijsten en topiclijsten ................................................................................................................................................... 37
7.4.1 vragenlijsten in kwalitatief onderzoek............................................................................................................................ 37
7.4.2 theoretisch steekproeftrekken en de kwalitatieve vragenlijst ....................................................................................... 38
7.4.3 kernelementen in een kwalitatieve vragenlijst............................................................................................................... 38
7.4.4 de volgorde van de vragen ............................................................................................................................................. 38
7.4.5 soorten vragen in een kwalitatieve vragenlijst ............................................................................................................... 39
7.4.6 Voorbeelden van vragenlijsten ....................................................................................................................................... 39
7.5 Toestemming van deelnemers vragen en krijgen................................................................................................................... 39
2
, 7.6 De ruimtelijke dimensie van dataverzameling ....................................................................................................................... 39
H8: data verzamelen door te interviewen ............................................................................................................................... 40
8.1 wat is een interview? ............................................................................................................................................................. 40
8.1.1 soorten kwalitatieve interviews ..................................................................................................................................... 40
8.1.2 kenmerken van het kwalitatieve interview .................................................................................................................... 40
8.2 de kwalitatieve interviewer .................................................................................................................................................... 40
8.3 de introductie van een interview ............................................................................................................................................ 41
8.4 interview is meer dan vragen stellen alleen ........................................................................................................................... 41
H10 Data verzamelen door te observeren ............................................................................................................................... 49
10.1 Observeren ........................................................................................................................................................................... 49
10.1.1 Soorten observatoren ................................................................................................................................................... 49
10.1.2 Wat observeren? .......................................................................................................................................................... 49
10.1.3 Fasen bij observeren ..................................................................................................................................................... 50
10.1.4 Observeren en ‘thick description’................................................................................................................................. 51
10.2.2 Toegang krijgen tot setting ........................................................................................................................................... 51
10.2.3 Intrede in veld............................................................................................................................................................... 51
10.2.4 Het verblijf in de setting ............................................................................................................................................... 52
10.2.5 Het uittreden ................................................................................................................................................................ 53
10.3 Veldnota’s ............................................................................................................................................................................ 53
10.3.1 Uitgestelde registratie .................................................................................................................................................. 54
10.3.3 Soorten veldnota’s ........................................................................................................................................................ 54
H9 Data verzamelen met focusgroepen ................................................................................................................................... 57
9.1 Wat is een focusgroep..................................................................................................................................................... 57
9.2 De moderator (rollen) ..................................................................................................................................................... 58
9.5 Types van deelnemers ..................................................................................................................................................... 60
9.6 Een groepsgesprek opstarten......................................................................................................................................... 61
9.6.1 Het introductiepraatje ................................................................................................................................................ 61
9.6.2 Het starten van het gesprek ....................................................................................................................................... 61
9.7 Moderatortechnieken ..................................................................................................................................................... 61
9.7.1 Stiltes in de groep ....................................................................................................................................................... 61
9.7.2 Doorvragen ................................................................................................................................................................. 61
9.7.3 Luisteren ..................................................................................................................................................................... 61
9.7.4 Samenvatten .............................................................................................................................................................. 61
9.7.5 De kwestie van invloed en beïnvloeding .................................................................................................................... 61
9.8 Mogelijke valstrikken tijdens een focusgroep ................................................................................................................. 62
9.8.1 Oneerbiedige opmerkingen of persoonlijke aanvallen............................................................................................... 62
9.8.2 Onjuiste en schadelijke informatie ............................................................................................................................. 62
9.8.3 Persoonlijke onthulling ............................................................................................................................................... 62
H2: Geschiedenis van het kwalitatief onderzoek ..................................................................................................................... 64
2.2 Klassieke periode (1900-1945) ............................................................................................................................................... 64
2.3 De verdrukking en kiemen van vernieuwing (’50-’70) ............................................................................................................ 65
2.3.1 De geboorte van de focusgroep ..................................................................................................................................... 65
2.3.2 De ‘ontdekking’ van de Grounded Theory ...................................................................................................................... 65
2.4 De heropstanding (’70-’80) .................................................................................................................................................... 65
2.4.1 Cultural studies ............................................................................................................................................................... 65
2.4.2 Een tijd van nieuwe stromingen en een nieuwe hernieuwde methodenstrijd .............................................................. 65
2.5 Het postmodernisme en de consolidatie (jaren ’90)............................................................................................................... 66
2.5.1 Het postmodernisme in de sociale wetenschappen ....................................................................................................... 66
2.5.2 De consolidatie van het kwalitatief onderzoek .............................................................................................................. 66
3
, 2.6 Een derde weg met mixed methods-onderzoek ..................................................................................................................... 66
Voorbeeld vragen ................................................................................................................................................................... 68
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