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Samenvatting Politicologie
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InhoudsopgaveH1: politiek en politieke wetenschap....................................................................................................................................... 4
1.1 Politiek........................................................................................................................................................................................4
1.2 Variaties in politiek.....................................................................................................................................................................4
1.2.1 Politiek en territorium........................................................................................................................................................4
1.2.2 De verschuivende culturele grenzen van de politiek.........................................................................................................4
1.2.3 De vormen en structuren van de politiek...........................................................................................................................5
1.3 Politieke wetenschap.................................................................................................................................................................6
1.3 Instrumenten van de politieke wetenschap...............................................................................................................................7
1.4.1 Concepten...........................................................................................................................................................................7
1.4.2 Modellen.............................................................................................................................................................................7
1.4.3 theorieën............................................................................................................................................................................8
Conclusie..........................................................................................................................................................................................9
H2: Staat en macht................................................................................................................................................................ 10
2.1 Wat is de macht?.....................................................................................................................................................................10
2.2 Hoe macht meten?...................................................................................................................................................................11
2.3 De macht van de staat.............................................................................................................................................................13
2.4 De grondwet.............................................................................................................................................................................14
2.5 De legitimiteit van de staat......................................................................................................................................................14
2.6 De staat als contract................................................................................................................................................................15
H3: Breuklijnen en ideologieën.............................................................................................................................................. 19
3.1 Tegenstellingen en breuklijnen................................................................................................................................................19
3.2 Nieuwe tegenstellingen?..........................................................................................................................................................20
3.3 Ideologieën...............................................................................................................................................................................23
3.3.1 Het begrip ideologie.........................................................................................................................................................23
3.3.2 Liberalisme........................................................................................................................................................................23
3.3.3 Conservatisme..................................................................................................................................................................24
3.3.4 Socialisme.........................................................................................................................................................................24
3.3.5 Christendemocratie..........................................................................................................................................................24
3.3.6 Nationalisme.....................................................................................................................................................................25
3.3.7 Fascisme...........................................................................................................................................................................25
3.3.8 Feminisme........................................................................................................................................................................25
3.3.9 Multiculturalisme.............................................................................................................................................................26
3.3.10 Ecologisme......................................................................................................................................................................26
3.3.11 Extreemrechts populisme...............................................................................................................................................26
H4: democratie en politieke vertegenwoordiging................................................................................................................... 28
4.1 Democratie: een omstreden begrip.........................................................................................................................................28
4.2 Argumenten voor en tegen democratie...................................................................................................................................30
4.3 Vertegenwoordigende democratie..........................................................................................................................................31
4.4 Variaties in vertegenwoordigende democratie........................................................................................................................32
4.4.1 Delegatie, vertrouwen of partijpolitiek mandaat.............................................................................................................32
4.4.3 Vertegenwoordiging als afspiegeling...............................................................................................................................33
H14: Democratie in beweging................................................................................................................................................ 34
14.1 Democratic backsliding..........................................................................................................................................................34
, 14.2 De kwaliteit van de democratie.............................................................................................................................................35
H5: Politieke participatie en sociale bewegingen.................................................................................................................... 36
5.1 Deelname aan de politiek........................................................................................................................................................36
5.1.1 Wat is participatie?...........................................................................................................................................................36
5.1.2 Ongelijke participatie........................................................................................................................................................36
5.2 Sociale bewegingen en pressiegroepen...................................................................................................................................37
5.2.1 De rol van pressiegroepen................................................................................................................................................37
5.3 Politieke cultuur.......................................................................................................................................................................39
5.4.3 Kritische burgers?.............................................................................................................................................................40
H6: Politieke partijen en partijsystemen................................................................................................................................. 41
6.1 Politieke partijen in de hoofdrol...............................................................................................................................................41
6.2 Historische typologieën............................................................................................................................................................41
6.2.1 Kaderpartijen en massapartijen.......................................................................................................................................41
6.2.2 De volkspartij of catch-all party........................................................................................................................................42
6.2.3 Moderne kaderpartij of kartelpartij.................................................................................................................................42
6.3 Andere typologieën..................................................................................................................................................................43
6.3.1 Classificatie op basis van organisatie...............................................................................................................................43
6.3.2 Classificatie op basis van ideologie...................................................................................................................................43
6.3.3 Classificatie op basis van strategie...................................................................................................................................44
6.4 Partijsystemen..........................................................................................................................................................................44
H7: Kiessystemen en stemgedrag........................................................................................................................................... 47
7.1 Het belang van verkiezingen....................................................................................................................................................47
7.2 Stemrecht en opkomst.............................................................................................................................................................47
7.3 De verkiezingstechnieken.........................................................................................................................................................48
7.3.1 Kiessystemen met relatieve meerderheid.......................................................................................................................49
7.3.2 Proportionele kiessystemen.............................................................................................................................................50
7.4 Welke kandidaten zijn gekozen?..............................................................................................................................................51
7.5 Gevolgen van kiessysteem.......................................................................................................................................................52
7.6 Stemgedrag..............................................................................................................................................................................52
H8: Parlement en regering..................................................................................................................................................... 54
8.1 Montesquieu en de scheiding der machten.............................................................................................................................54
8.2 De organisatie van het parlement...........................................................................................................................................54
8.2.1 De kamers van het parlement..........................................................................................................................................54
8.2.2 Suborganisaties in het parlement....................................................................................................................................54
8.3 De functies van het parlement.................................................................................................................................................55
8.3.1 Representatie...................................................................................................................................................................55
8.3.2 Wetgevende functie.........................................................................................................................................................55
8.3.3 Deliberatieve functie........................................................................................................................................................55
8.3.4 Controlefunctie.................................................................................................................................................................56
8.4 Parlementaire en presidentiële regimes..................................................................................................................................56
8.5 De vorming van een (coalitie) regering....................................................................................................................................56
8.6 Het staatshoofd........................................................................................................................................................................57
8.7 De regering...............................................................................................................................................................................57
H11: Federalisme en decentralisatie....................................................................................................................................... 59
11.2 Federatie en confederatie......................................................................................................................................................59
11.3 Pro of contra de centrale staat?............................................................................................................................................60
, 11.4 De instituties van een federale staat.....................................................................................................................................61
11.4.1 De verdeling van de bevoegdheden...............................................................................................................................61
11.4.2 Exclusieve of overlappende bevoegdheden...................................................................................................................61
11.4.3 Symmetrie en asymmetrie.............................................................................................................................................61
11.4.4 Een tweede kamer..........................................................................................................................................................61
11.4.6 Belangenconflicten en overleg.......................................................................................................................................61
11.4.7 Bevoegdheidsconflicten.................................................................................................................................................62
11.4.8 Financiering en herverdeling..........................................................................................................................................62
11.5 Lokale besturen......................................................................................................................................................................62
H9: Bestuur en beleid............................................................................................................................................................ 64
9.1 Politiek en beleid......................................................................................................................................................................64
9.2 De beleidscyclus.......................................................................................................................................................................64
9.2.1 Agendavorming................................................................................................................................................................64
9.2.2 Beleidsvoorbereiding........................................................................................................................................................65
9.2.3 Besluitvorming..................................................................................................................................................................66
9.2.4 Beleidsuitvoering..............................................................................................................................................................67
9.2.5 Beleidsevaluatie................................................................................................................................................................67
9.3 Stijlen van bestuur....................................................................................................................................................................67
H10: Administratie en justitie................................................................................................................................................ 69
10.1 De administratie.....................................................................................................................................................................69
10.1.1 De bureaucratie..............................................................................................................................................................69
10.1.3 New public management...............................................................................................................................................69
10.1.4 Controle over de administratie......................................................................................................................................70
H13: De Europese Unie.......................................................................................................................................................... 72
H12: Internationale politiek................................................................................................................................................... 80
12.1 Internationale politiek en globalisering.................................................................................................................................80
12.2 Anarchie en internationale code...........................................................................................................................................81
12.3 Theorieën over internationale betrekkingen.........................................................................................................................84
12.3.1 Het idealisme..................................................................................................................................................................84
12.3.2 De realistische benadering (realisme)............................................................................................................................86
12.4 De Verenigde Naties..............................................................................................................................................................89
, Politicologie
H1: politiek en politieke wetenschap
1.1Politiek
= alles wat te maken heeft met het besturen van een samenleving
Sturen van de samenleving: afspraken maken
Polis = stad = samenleving = geldt voor elke vorm van samen-leven/ gemeenschap
Waarom nood aan sturing?
Mens als zoon politikon -> mee vorm geven
Maar mogelijkheid tot conflict want: bepalen wat als collectiviteit belangrijk
vinden -> regels
o Diversiteit: noden, voorkeuren en visies -> kan botsen
o Schaarste (mbt te herverdelen middelen)
1.2Variaties in politiek
Samenleving is belangrijkste aspect van politiek + kan variëren
1.2.1 Politiek en territorium
Territorium = gemeenten, provincies, regio’s, landen, internationale organisaties van
landen
Binnen grenzen van die samenleving ben je onderworpen aan regels ervan,
erbuiten niet
Bij veel organisaties kan je zelf kiezen of er lid van wordt of niet
Niet-territoriaal: verengingen (voor kunnen kiezen)
Sterke variatie:
Verschillende impact op dagdagelijkse leven
Vrijwilligheid van lidmaatschap
Vb: nationaliteit niet kunnen kiezen + moeilijk af te zweren
1.2.2 De verschuivende culturele grenzen van de politiek
Staat zorgde al voor aantal basisregels waar rechtbanken en politie over moesten
waken + garandeerde bescherming van de grenzen + burgers betaalde daar
belastingen voor
Vanuit samenleving vraag naar nieuwe aspecten van samenleving door staat
laten regelen
Verschuiven grenzen van politiek
o Een vd meest fundamentele veranderingen door arbeidsbeweging
T.H. Marshall: hedendaags burgerschap heeft burgerlijke, politieke en
sociaaleconomische dimensies
De regels veranderen op grond van de behoeften die in de samenleving zelf ontstaan
Belang onderscheidt privé en publiek
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