BIOL 123 Infection and Immunity Full Lecture Notes
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Course
BIOL123: Infection And Immunity (BIOL123)
Institution
Lancaster University (LU)
Lecture notes from module BIOL 123, covering all 12 lectures, including pictures and diagrams. The notes are written in bullet point form so are easy to read and include all relevant information from the lectures given.
Lecture 1:The Global Impact of Infectious Diseases
Lecture 2: Innate Immune...
Protists - can cause disease following inoculation of only a few infectious stages
as they can multiply within the body - disease severity may depend on how
Lecture 1 The Global Impact of Infectious Diseases 2
, quickly they multiply.
Helminths – most helminths cannot multiply within the body and so disease
severity is dependent upon the number of infectious stages acquired by host
over time
Spread
The ability of the organism to move from the initial site of infection to infect other
areas of the body.
Movement between body systems
Some infectious agents undergo developmental changes at the same time, this
can have implications for the host immunity response.
Pathogenesis
Causation and development of clinical disease, influenced by the no. of
pathogenic organisms present, the virulence of the organism, and the reaction of
the host (degree of resistance.)
Virulence of the organisms e.g. Direct killing of host cells e.g. Plasmodium
(malaria); Blockages within host organs e.g. Plasmodium (malaria); Toxins e.g.
bacterium, Yersinia pestis (plague); Inappropriate activity of host immune system
–
immunopathology e.g., schistosomes
Global burden of disease
Incidence - number of new cases of infection occurring in a population in a
defined period of time.
Prevalence - total number of infected individuals in a population at a given
point in time i.e. the number of new and old cases
Mortality - total number of deaths from disease in a population in a defined
period of time
In some countries there has been a shift in cause of death from infectious
disease to things like cancer, and heart disease.
Lecture 1 The Global Impact of Infectious Diseases 3
, Map showing adult mortality rate of both sexes (2016), more of a burden from infectious diseases in
some countries compared to others.
High-income countries
70% of deaths - people aged 70 years and older.
Only 1% of deaths among children under 15 years
Predominantly die of chronic diseases: cardiovascular diseases, cancers,
dementia, chronic obstructive lung disease or diabetes
Low-income countries
40% of deaths - children under 15 years
20% deaths - people aged 70 years and older.
Predominantly die of infectious diseases: respiratory infections, HIV/AIDS,
diarrhoeal diseases, malaria and tuberculosis - collectively account for 1/3 of
deaths in low-income countries
Measuring the burden of disease
Morbidity: ill health associated with disease
DALY (disability adjusted life year)
Measures ‘life years’ lost due to premature mortality and equivalent years
lost because of morbidity (i.e., lower 'quality of life ‘)
1 DALY - calculated by adding together 'years of life lost (YLL) to premature
mortality' and 'years lost to (lived with) disability (YLD)‘for people living with
Lecture 1 The Global Impact of Infectious Diseases 4
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