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Summary Unit 8 - Physiology of Human Body Systems BTEC Unit 8 Assignment 1 all criteria
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Unit 8 - Physiology of Human Body Systems BTEC Unit 8 Assignment 1 all criteria / Distinction received.
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The function of the musculoskeletal system:The musculoskeletal system in the human body it deals with the stability, shape and
the movement of the body and by providing it support. In which it has two board-
systems:
- Skeletal system : this system deals with the bone. As the bones form joints
when they articulate within each other → this provides the body with a hard
skeleton. Thus, this would support the skeleton’s structure.
Other functions:
➢ Framework for the human body
➢ Production of blood cells
➢ Protecting vital organs
➢ Storing minerals
- Muscular system : this includes the muscles in the body → which in
particular the skeletal muscles that work on the joints in the body to create
movement. Also, the muscular system it contain tendons → that’s where the
muscles is been attached to the bones.
Other functions :
➢ Protecting the body heat
➢ Posture maintenance
➢ Stabilizing joint
➢ The production of movement
The muscle tissue is a specialized contractile, which is what the organ system been composed of. And it is composed of
3 muscle tissues, and it is comes into three groups :
▪ Cardiac muscle (Myocardium) : this includes the muscular layer of the heart. This muscle is involuntary
→ as it is controlled by the Autonomic nervous system (ANS).
▪ Skeletal muscle : this provides movements that are voluntary, and it is not controlled by the ANS → as
it is attached to the bones via tendons. The fibre of each skeletal muscle it has several nuclei → it form
bundles by binding, and these bundles bind as well t form the muscles. This is the only muscle which
it is controlled by our will.
▪ Smooth muscle : it comprise the wall of the blood vessels bladder, and the digestive track as well. And
the cells in this muscle are thin and have only one nucleus. This muscle does not form bundles but it
form sheets instead. This muscle is also controlled by the Autonomic nervous system (ANS).
Additionally, cardiac and smooth muscles are both been controlled by the autonomic nervous system , which means we
do not have the power to control these muscles → as they are been controlled (involuntary) in our brain by the autonomic
centre. These types of muscle tissues, have been classified as non-striated, and striated and this is based on the historical
appearance.
- The cardiac and the skeletal muscle classified as the striated.
- The smooth muscle is classified as non-striated.
- The skeletal muscles : these are the functional units of the muscular system → 600 muscles and even more do
exist in the human body. And are been organised and identified in groups for every part of the human body :
▪ Muscles of upper limbs : this includes the shoulder muscles, arm, forehead and hand muscles.
▪ Muscle of the neck and head : the orbit muscles, the facial expression muscles, the neck, larynx and
pharynx as well as the tongue muscles.
▪ Muscles of lower limbs : thighs, legs, hips, and foot muscles.
▪ Muscles of trunk : this includes the back muscles, abdominal (lateral and anterior ) muscles, and pelvic
floor muscles.
Answered by Moreen Mero
, - The muscle contraction : the ability to contract is the most being important feature or property in the skeletal
muscles. Due to the interaction of the myofibers that occurs in the muscle cells → it results contraction. In which,
it does increase the tension of the muscle, or it shortens it. This would produce force that will slow down the
movement. And proteins have important rule in the contraction of the muscle: in which are
- The actin
- The myosin
This works as the muscle receive impulses, and it stimulates the myosin protein → and this will get the actin to be pulled
together shortening the sarcomere which cause contraction of the muscle.
A sarcomere is a structure that been made by filaments of actin and myosin. And as the action is sliding against the myosin
→ this cause the sarcomere to shorten, where contraction will occur.
- The anatomy of the bones : bones support the structure of
the human body, allow the body to move and protect its vital
organs. The bones do act like a storage for minerals, such as
calcium, they also have a bone marrow environment, where
blood cells are made. Bones are composed of two types of
tissues:
• Compact (cortical bone) : this is the hard, dense and
strong bone, the outside of the bone which is
durable. It is about 80% of the bone mass of an adult
human.
• Cancellous : (spongy bone) : this is inside the bone,
like a network of a rod-like porous structure → it is
denser, and lighter as well as more flexible than the
compact bone.
What is found in the bones: the bones contain membranes → this includes the periosteum and the endosteum, and inside
the bone also found:
❖ Bone cells :
• The osteoblast cells → forming new bones as well as repairing the old bones. These cells produce
protein (osteoid) this becomes bone later on after mineralizing.
• The osteocytes cells → important cells to communicate with bone tissues → connection maintaining
v=cells to other osteocytes and also osteoblasts.
• The osteoclast cells → are bore resorbing. They break down bones → by releasing enzymes to dissolve
the minerals in the bones to digest them (resorption process). These cells have more than one nucleus -
-< they help to remove the injured bones to create pathways for the blood vessels, to be able to flow
through, as well as for the nerves.
❖ Bone marrow : this is found in all the bones → where the cancellous bone exist. Its function is to make red blood
cells → also lymphocytes and other white blood cells in the immune system. It produces an approximate of 2
million cell / second.
The types of bones: a major of 5 types :
• Short bones → a thin layer bones / ankle and wrist bones
• Flat bones → curved thin bones / these the bones that composed of two compact
outer bone layers, and the spongy inner layer bone. Found in the skull, breastbone.
They provide protection.
• Irregular bones → these bones have unusual shape / including the spine bones, and
the pelvis. They also provide organ and tissue protection.
• Long bones → this involves the bones in the limbs (most of them). They support
the weight and help with the movements. These bones are compacted with small
marrow.
• Sesamoid bones → are the patella, or the kneecap, which are inserted in tendons
→ they protect those tendons from stress.
Answered by Moreen Mero
, - How the skeletal and muscular systems work together as musculoskeletal system :
The muscular and the skeletal systems both work together to produce movement
of the body. However, they do not exist alone. They are part of connective tissues
in the musculoskeletal system, that work together to be able to provide stability,
movement and support to the body.
An explanation of how each connective tissue work in the musculoskeletal
system:
To start with th bones of the skeletal system, they do protect the internal organs
in the body, supporting the weight of it. And as it stores calcium, and other
minerals as phosphorus. Thus, the muscles that are in the muscular system →
they keep those bones in place, they help assisting with the movement, by pulling
and contacting the bones. To be able to allow motion → joints exist, they connect
bones, to other different bones and also muscle fibres using connective tissues →
ligaments and tendons. Whereas the ligaments stabilize the joint as well. Cartilage
exist, in which it help to prevent the bone ends from rubbing or brushing on each
other directly. Therefore the friction is reduced between the bones. The joints is
when the connection occurs between the bones to provide framework that allow
movment → they give mobility to the skeletal system, and form protection for
the vital organs. With the help of joints, the human body is able to bend elbows
and knees, rotate the shoulders, and swivel the neck, Etc. joint are classified as
two types:
• The structural joints : these are the type of movment that is given to the
joint → in which have three types:
o Cartilaginous joints : are partially movable → are the connection in
between articulating bone that made up of the cartilage.
o Synovial joints : the most common type → as they help the hu man
body to be able to have range of missions, such as running, walking,
etc. which are found in the knee joint, wrist joint, neck joint and so.
o Fibrous joints : are the immovable joints → the bones are not flexible,
such as the joint in the skull, where the bones are fused together and
fixed. Other parts are in the rib cage, upper jaw, etc.
• The functional joints : these are based on the degree type for the movment that
is permitted for the joint → which also have three types:
o The synarthrosis : joint have limited mobility → it include the
gomphosis joints ( between teeth)
o The amphiarthrosis : these joints have limited or small amount
of mobility → it includes the joint between the pubic symphysis and vertebrae.
o The diarthrosis : these are the most movable joints (synovial) and are classified based on the
move type they are able to provide. This includes :
➢ Ball and socket joint → the hip :they allow 3 planes movements, the most (mobile) joint
of synovial.
➢ Pivot joint → vertebral joint :rotational movements and bending.
➢ Saddle joint → the base of the thumb : some movements allowed, but no rotation.
➢ Plane joint → the inter tarsal joints : a limited movment of gliding.
➢ Hinge joint → the elbow : flexion and extension, one axis movment.
➢ Condyloid / ellipsoid joint → the wrist : 2 planes movment, circumduction allowed, as
well as adduction, extension, flexion, and abduction.
The possible movements that the synovial joint have are :
o Adduction → when moving towards the midline of the body
o Rotation → this is a movment around a fixed point ( a circular movment )
o Abduction → this is moving away from the midline of the body
o Flexion → when the limbs bend at the joint
o Extension → when the limbs are straightened at the joint
Answered by Moreen Mero
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