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Summary Unit 14 - Applications of Organic Chemistry BTEC Unit 14 Assignment 3 all criteria
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Applications of organic chemistry / U14A3 / Moreen MeroExplain the different types of structural isomerism and stereoisomerism:
Isomerism: Isomers
Type 1: structural isomers : these isomers have the same molecular formula, but have different structural formula.
However, this does not change the actual number of molecules and atoms.
This type is divided into:
1. Chain isomers : the chain isomerism it can be either straight, or chain branched molecule. As the skeleton of
the carbon is arranged differently. The chemical properties remain the same as it is the same functional group
that is present, but the physical property that changes. For example:
Example 1:
- C4H10 : straight : butane / this isomer chain is straight, and does not have branches.
- C4H10 : branched : 2-methylpropane / this isomer has branches, and it is shorter than butane, and this gives
it weaker intermolecular forces, and lower boiling point, as well as lower densities. Because the longer the
chain, the higher the lower point to break the carbon chain that has higher intermolecular forces, with higher
densities.
Example 2:
- C9H20 : straight : nonane / this isomer chain is straight, does not have branches. Is it longer than butane,
meaning the intermolecular force are stronger, and has higher boiling point as well due to longer carbon
chain.
- C9H20 : branched : 2-methyoctance / it is shorter, and has branches which will decrease the effectiveness of
intermolecular forces, decreasing its lower boiling point. Because less energy will be required to break and
separate the molecules, unlike the longer carbon chain.
Unit 14: Applications of Organic Chemistry Page 1 of 12
, Applications of organic chemistry / U14A3 / Moreen Mero
2. Position isomers : these isomers have same skeleton of carbon as well as the same functional group. However,
the functional group is in different position making slight difference in the physical properties, but the chemical
properties remain the same.
Examples: 1 / alkanes:
- 1-chloropropane : the halogen is on carbon 1.
- 2-choloropropane : the halogen is on carbon 2.
Examples: 2 / alkenes:
- But-1-ene : the double bong which is the functional group, is between carbon 1 and 2.
- But-2-ene : the double bond which is the functional group, is in between carbon 2 and 3.
By moving the chlorine along the chain, will make new isomers, in which the position will be measured based on the
end that is nearer to the functional group.
Unit 14: Applications of Organic Chemistry Page 2 of 12
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