These notes provide deep understanding and explanation to Biological molecules (Protein, carbohydrates and lipids) it also covers DNA synthesis and food tests in an easy and fun way!
Summary of Digestion Chapter from Cambridge IGCSE(tm) Biology 4th Edition - 0610
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Chapter 4
Chemical elements that make up carbohydrates,
ER
fats and proteins
Large molecules are made from smaller
molecules
SS
starch, glycogen and cellulose from
glucose
proteins from amino acids
(fats and oils from fatty acids and
NA
glycerol
Describe the use of:
iodine solution test for starch
Benedict’s solution test for reducing
D
sugars
biuret test for proteins
ME
ethanol emulsion test for fats and oils
DCPIP test for vitamin C
Structure of DNA molecule
two strands coiled together to form a
AH
double helix
each strand contains bases
bonds between pairs of bases
the bases: A with T, and C with G
DR
, biological molecules: organic molecules
ER
carbohydrates fats protein
Long chains of simple Most fats (lipids) in the Long chains of amino acids
SS
sugars body are made up of There are about 20
Glucose is a simple triglycerides different amino acids
sugar (monosaccharide) Their basic unit is one They all contain the
When 2 glucose glycerol and three fatty same basic structure
NA
molecules join together acids but the ‘R’ group is
maltose is formed The fatty acids vary in size different for each one
(disaccharide) and structure When amino acids are
When lots of glucose Lipids are divided into fats joined together a protein
molecules join together (solids at room is formed
starch, glycogen or temperature) and oils The amino acids can be
D
cellulose can form (liquids at room arranged in any order,
(polysaccharide) temperature) resulting in hundreds of
ME
thousands of different
proteins
AH
what is the human body made of?
About 16% is protein, another 16% is fat, and
DR
around 1% is carbohydrate. The remaining
6% is calcium and phosphorus (mostly in bones)
and some other elements
such as potassium, sodium, phosphate and
chloride ions. DNA makes up less than 1% of
our mass.
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