BIO 171 - Exam #1, questions and answers, complete top solutions

BIO 171 - Exam #1, questions and answers, complete top solutions Identify the Shared Characteristics of Natural Sciences Natural science are different fields of science that relates to the physical world and its phenomena and processes Summarize the Steps of the Scientific Method - Make an Observation - Ask a Question - Form a Hypothesis - Make a Prediction - Test the Prediction Compare Inductive Reasoning with Deductive Reasoning Inductive Reasoning -- a form of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion Deductive Reasoning -- a form of logical thinking that uses a general principle or law to forecast specific results Describe the Goals of Basic Science and Applied Sciences The immediate goal of basic science is knowledge for knowledge's sake, through this does not mean that, in the end, it may not result in practical application Describe how the Traits of Science and Philosophy (and/or other non-science fields) differ This basic difference between science and philosophy results in a different temporal pattern of agreement and disagreement in each, to whatever extent genuine agreements and disagreements do, in fact, exist Describe the Major Differences in Understanding of the Cardiovascular System Over Time - Technology - Using information from other scientists and basing work off of that Describe how the Roles/Occupations/Professions of the Major Contributor (people) to the History of the Discovery of Pulmonary Circulation Change Over Time - Blood in the pulmonary vein is deoxygenated - Blood in pulmonary artery is deoxygenated - The contraction of theatria forces blood through the valves into the ventricles. Closing of these valves caused by the contraction of the ventricles produces a "lub" sound. The signal has, by this time, passed down the walls of the heart, through a point between the right atrium and right ventricle. The signal then causes the ventricles to contract. The ventricles contract together forcing blood into the aorta and the pulmonary arteries Describe the Methods by which Knowledge (including inaccurate knowledge) About Pulmonary Circulation was Communicated from One Era/Person to the Next, And/Or Among Contemporaries Knowledge was mainly communicated through text in written format Identify the Social, Theoretical and Practical Influences that Limited the ways that Scientists and Physicians Approached Understanding the Heart Through History - Scientific Revolution in the 18th century - Technology Explain why Ibn Al-Nafis was able to Make Such Important Contributions to Medical Knowledge - Wrote the largest medical textbook alone; challenged dogmas, studied pulmonary circuit - He stated that "there must be small communications or pores between the pulmonary artery and vein," a prediction that preceded the discovery of the capillary system by more than 400 years Use Details of the Development of Scientific Knowledge of the Cardiovascular System as Examples for how Scientific Knowledge is Created Generally Science advances through time; It is ok to change mind as a scientist with actual data Be Able to Describe the Four General Observations about Life that Dobzhansky Discusses in his Essay, Describe at Least One Specific Example of each General Observation, and Explain How Evolution Makes Sense of Each Observation - The diversity of species - Evolution and natural selection explained the diversity of species - Heredity is coded in just two chemically related substances; DNA and RNA; the biochemical universals extend beyond the genetic code and its translation into proteins - Suggests that life arose from inanimate matter only once and that all organisms, no matter how diverse in other respects, conserve the basic features of the primordial life. Describe Some of the Alternative Views/Hypotheses, at Darwin's Time, on the Origin of Organisms (hypotheses or theories other than natural selection) - This contrasted with the predominant view that the geology of the planet was a consequence of catastrophic events occurring during a relatively brief past - The view that species were static and unchanging was grounded in the writings of Plato, yet there were also ancient Greeks that expressed evolutionary ideas Describe the Major Influences/Observations/Data that helped Darwin to Develop his theory of Evolution by Natural Selection Darwin was influenced by Charles Lyell; he argued that the greater age of Earth gave more time for gradual change in species, the process provided an analogy for gradual change in species; evolution Define Phylogeny and Give an Example of Some Phylogenetic Relationships in Animals (can be vertebrates, amniotes, mammals, insects-whatever interests you the most) - A phylogeny is the evolutionary history and the relationships among species or group of species; Monkey vs. Apes - Animals that have wings are assorted similarly, but they may differ in size and shape Give an Example of Homologous Structure and Explain Its Origin Homologous Structures are features that overlap morphologically and genetically; wings Explain one Reason why Phylogeny is Important Phylogeny is important because if we conserve it, we can preserve the variables produced by evolution Be Able to Describe the Adaptions that Distinguish Primates from other Mammals, and Distinguish Monkeys from Apes - This arboreal heritage of primates has resulted in hands and feet that are adapted for brachiation, or climbing and swinging through trees - These adaptations include, but are not limited to; a rotating shoulder joint, a big toe that is widely separated from the other toes and thumbs, which are widely separated from fingers (except humans), which allow for gripping branches, and stereoscopic vision, two overlapping fields of vision from the eyes, which allows for the perception of depth and gauging distance - Apes do not have tails, while monkeys do and apes tend to be larger than monkeys and have larger brains Be Able to Describe the Evolutionary Relationships Between Homo Sapiens (modern humans) and other Hominin, and the Relationships Among the Hominoids - Several species evolved from the evolutionary branch that includes humans, although our species is the only surviving member. The term hominin is used to refer to those species that evolved after this split of the primate line, thereby designating species that are more closely related to humans than to chimpanzees - The family Hominidae of order Primates includes the hominoids: the great apes. Evidence from the fossil record and from a comparison of human and chimpanzee DNA suggests that humans and chimpanzees diverged from a common hominoid ancestor approximately 6 million years ago Be Able to Describe Current Scientific Knowledge about Major Differences in Traits Among the Major Groups of Hominin (australopiths, the genus Paranthropus, the group of Homo species other than Homo Sapiens) - Hominins were predominantly bipedal and include those groups that likely gave rise to our species, including Australopithecus, Homo habilis, and Homo erectus—and those non-ancestral groups that can be considered "cousins" of modern humans, such as Neanderthals. Determining the true lines of descent in hominins is difficult. In years past, when relatively few hominin fossils had been recovered, some scientists believed that considering them in order, from oldest to youngest, would demonstrate the course of evolution from early hominins to modern humans. In the past several years, however, many new fossils have been found, and it is clear that there was often more than one species alive at any one time and that many of the fossils found (and species named) represent hominin species that died out and are not ancestral to modern humans - The australopiths had a relatively slender build and teeth that were suited for soft food. These hominoids, of the genus Paranthropus, were relatively large and had large grinding teeth. Their molars showed heavy wear, suggesting that they had a coarse and fibrous vegetarian diet as opposed to the partially carnivorous diet of the australopiths. The hominoids in this genus went extinct more than 1 million years ago and are not thought to be ancestral to modern humans, but rather members of an evolutionary branch on the hominin tree that left no descendants